Bifonazole

Bifonazole, a broad spectrum antifungal agent, inhibits monooxygenase activity and induces a type II binding spectrum in 2B4dH(H226Y), a modified enzyme previously crystallized in the presence of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazole (CPI). ^[1] Bifonazole (40 mM) releases Ca2+ from the store sensitive to 1 mM thapsigargin, an endopolasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor. Bifonazole (40 mM) per se induces capacitative Ca2+ entry while reduces 1 mM thapsigargin-induced capacitative Ca2+ entry. ^[2] Bifonazole is calmodulin antagonists which most effectively reduce glycolysis and ATP level in B16 melanoma cells. Bifonazole acts through allosteric regulation and detachment of glycolytic enzymes from cytoskeleton. ^[3] Bifonazole blocks PGE2 formation induced by 2  μm and 4 μm arachidonic acid clearly better than at 6 or 10 μm of the agonist. Bifonazole shows the same characteristics in MC3T3-E1 and UMR-106 cells stimulated by ionomycin or various concentrations of arachidonic acid. ^[4]

Bifonazole, but not clotrimazole, exhibits the characteristics of a peroxisome proliferator including hepatomegaly (increase in liver:body weight ratio), up to a 4-fold induction of lauric acid omega-hydroxylase activity and an 8-fold induction of palmitoyl-CoA oxidation by rat liver peroxisomes. Bifonazole also induces P402B1/2B2, P4503A and P4501A1, but not P4502E1. ^[5]