Nicotinamide

Nicotinamide strongly inhibits yeast silencing, increases rDNA recombination, and shortens replicative life span to that of a sir2 mutant. This compound abolishes silencing and leads to an eventual delocalization of Sir2 even in G(1)-arrested cells, demonstrating that silent heterochromatin requires continual Sir2 activity. ^[1] It results in a twofold increase in DNA content and a threefold increase in insulin content in the fetal cells. This chemical induces differentiation and maturation of human fetal pancreatic islet cells. ^[2] It regulates sirtuins by switching between deacetylation and base exchange. This switching is quantitated for the Sir2s from Archeaglobus fulgidus (Sir2Af2), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sir2p), and mouse (Sir2alpha). ^[3] The compound selectively reduces a specific phospho-species of tau (Thr231) that is associated with microtubule depolymerization in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice, in a manner similar to inhibition of SirT1. It also dramatically increases acetylated alpha-tubulin, a primary substrate of SirT2, and MAP2c in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice, both of which are linked to increased microtubule stability. ^[4] This chemical fosters DNA integrity and maintains phosphatidylserine membrane asymmetry to prevent cellular inflammation, cellular phagocytosis and vascular thrombosis. It both prevents and reverses neuronal and vascular cell injury. ^[5]

In the mouse, nicotinamide given i.p. at doses of 100-500 mg/kg showed biphasic elimination with dose-dependent changes in half-life. The initial half-life increased significantly (P <0.05) from 0.8 to 2 h and the terminal half-life increased from 3.4 to 5.6 h over the dose range studied. Clearance, however, decreased significantly from 0.3 to 0.24 L/kg/h only at the highest dose. Peak concentrations increased in a dose-dependent manner from 1,000 to 4,800 nmol/ml. The bioavailability given via the i.p. as compared with the i. v. route was close to 100%^[6].

The established cell line of human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) was routinely cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum and kept in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 at 37°C. For NAD(P) modulation, cells were grown in DMEM and 10% dialyzed fetal bovine serum and with addition of 33 μM nicotinamide (33 μM Nam) or without added this compound. Cell number was measured by counting. Sensitivity to glutaminase inhibition was performed using 0.1 μM 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) on cells grown in 33 μM this chemical or 0 μM this compound for 7 days.

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12297502/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8104197/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12899610/

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18987186/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12767721/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8070006/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17997992/

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