Datasheet

生物学的記述

Specificity	ADX Antibody (Rabbit mAb) [H7P21] detects endogenous levels of total ADX protein.
Background	Adrenodoxin, encoded by FDX1 and also designated ADX, belongs to the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin family of small iron-sulfur electron-shuttle proteins and exists in humans alongside a structurally similar paralog, FDX2, with which it shares high sequence conservation but distinct functional targets. Adrenodoxin loosely associates with the inner mitochondrial membrane and receives electrons from the flavoprotein ferredoxin reductase, which itself accepts electrons from NADPH, and adrenodoxin then forms a transient one-to-one complex with its downstream partner before dissociating and reforming an analogous complex with the next redox acceptor, functioning as a diffusible electron shuttle rather than a fixed component of a stable multi-protein assembly. This shuttling mechanism delivers electrons to mitochondrial type I cytochrome P450 enzymes, most centrally CYP11A1, the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, which requires two electrons from adrenodoxin for each of its three sequential monooxygenase reactions that convert cholesterol first to 22R-hydroxycholesterol, then to 20α,22R-dihydroxycholesterol, and finally cleave the C20-C22 bond to yield pregnenolone, the first and rate-limiting step of steroid hormone biosynthesis. Beyond CYP11A1, adrenodoxin also donates electrons to CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, supporting later hydroxylation steps required for cortisol and aldosterone synthesis, and its physical interaction with these P450 enzymes depends on overlapping negatively charged surface residues that engage complementary positive charges on both the P450 partner and ferredoxin reductase, meaning adrenodoxin uses the same molecular surface to interact sequentially with both redox partners during the shuttle cycle. Functional specificity between adrenodoxin and FDX2 is determined by short conserved sequence motifs rather than by gross structural differences between the two ferredoxins, and adrenodoxin is now understood to support additional pathways beyond steroidogenesis, donating electrons that initiate heme a formation through COX15 and that kickstart the radical chain reaction carried out by lipoyl synthase during lipoyl cofactor biosynthesis, a pathway feeding TCA cycle enzyme function, while FDX2 rather than adrenodoxin handles iron-sulfur cluster protein maturation. Adrenodoxin is expressed most highly in the adrenal cortex, consistent with its central steroidogenic role, and defects along the ferredoxin-ferredoxin reductase-cytochrome P450 electron transfer chain produce disorders of steroidogenesis marked by cortisol deficiency and abnormal androgen or mineralocorticoid output, positioning adrenodoxin as a defined electron-donor node whose disruption connects directly to congenital adrenal hyperplasia-type presentations and broader mitochondrial redox dysfunction.

Specificity

ADX Antibody (Rabbit mAb) [H7P21] detects endogenous levels of total ADX protein.

Background

Adrenodoxin, encoded by FDX1 and also designated ADX, belongs to the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin family of small iron-sulfur electron-shuttle proteins and exists in humans alongside a structurally similar paralog, FDX2, with which it shares high sequence conservation but distinct functional targets. Adrenodoxin loosely associates with the inner mitochondrial membrane and receives electrons from the flavoprotein ferredoxin reductase, which itself accepts electrons from NADPH, and adrenodoxin then forms a transient one-to-one complex with its downstream partner before dissociating and reforming an analogous complex with the next redox acceptor, functioning as a diffusible electron shuttle rather than a fixed component of a stable multi-protein assembly. This shuttling mechanism delivers electrons to mitochondrial type I cytochrome P450 enzymes, most centrally CYP11A1, the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, which requires two electrons from adrenodoxin for each of its three sequential monooxygenase reactions that convert cholesterol first to 22R-hydroxycholesterol, then to 20α,22R-dihydroxycholesterol, and finally cleave the C20-C22 bond to yield pregnenolone, the first and rate-limiting step of steroid hormone biosynthesis. Beyond CYP11A1, adrenodoxin also donates electrons to CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, supporting later hydroxylation steps required for cortisol and aldosterone synthesis, and its physical interaction with these P450 enzymes depends on overlapping negatively charged surface residues that engage complementary positive charges on both the P450 partner and ferredoxin reductase, meaning adrenodoxin uses the same molecular surface to interact sequentially with both redox partners during the shuttle cycle. Functional specificity between adrenodoxin and FDX2 is determined by short conserved sequence motifs rather than by gross structural differences between the two ferredoxins, and adrenodoxin is now understood to support additional pathways beyond steroidogenesis, donating electrons that initiate heme a formation through COX15 and that kickstart the radical chain reaction carried out by lipoyl synthase during lipoyl cofactor biosynthesis, a pathway feeding TCA cycle enzyme function, while FDX2 rather than adrenodoxin handles iron-sulfur cluster protein maturation. Adrenodoxin is expressed most highly in the adrenal cortex, consistent with its central steroidogenic role, and defects along the ferredoxin-ferredoxin reductase-cytochrome P450 electron transfer chain produce disorders of steroidogenesis marked by cortisol deficiency and abnormal androgen or mineralocorticoid output, positioning adrenodoxin as a defined electron-donor node whose disruption connects directly to congenital adrenal hyperplasia-type presentations and broader mitochondrial redox dysfunction.

使用情報

Application

IHC

Dilution

IHC

1:500

Reactivity

Human, Mouse

Source

Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody

MW

19 kDa

Storage Buffer

PBS, pH 7.2+50% Glycerol+0.05% BSA+0.01% NaN3

Storage
(from the date of receipt)

-20°C (avoid freeze-thaw cycles), 2 years

プロトコール

References

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39574227/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36280795/

ADX Antibody (Rabbit mAb) [H7P21]

生物学的記述

使用情報

References

Application Data