Dehydrogenase

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Dehydrogenase製品

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S1680 Disulfiram Disulfiram is a specific inhibitor of aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH) with IC50 of 0.15 μM and 1.45 μM for hALDH1 and hALDH2, respectively. Disulfiram is used for the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. Disulfiram induces apoptosis. Disulfiram is also an inhibitor of pore formation by gasdermin D (GSDMD).
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(12):825
J Transl Med, 2023, 21(1):334
Neural Regen Res, 2023, 18(2):357-363
S2302 Glycyrrhizin (NSC 167409) Glycyrrhizin (NSC 167409, Glycyrrhizic Acid) is a direct HMGB1(high mobility group box 1) inhibitor that inhibits HMGB1-dependent inflammatory molecule expression and oxidative stress; modulates P38 and P-JNK but not p-ERK signalling; Also inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase (MAO).
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2024, 272:116068
Front Immunol, 2023, 14:1024706
Front Immunol, 2023, 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1024706
S2776 Devimistat (CPI-613) Devimistat (CPI-613), a lipoate analog, inhibits mitochondrial enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in NCI-H460 cell line, disrupts tumor cell mitochondrial metabolism. CPI-613 induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Phase 2.
Cell Discov, 2023, 9(1):76
Nat Commun, 2023, 10.1038/s41467-023-43261-8
Cell Mol Immunol, 2022, 10.1038/s41423-022-00842-9
S4169 Teriflunomide Teriflunomide (A77 1726, HMR-1726) is the active metabolite of leflunomide, inhibiting pyrimidine de novo synthesis by blocking the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, used as an immunomodulatory agent.
Front Cell Dev Biol, 2023, 11:1089945
Cell Death Discov, 2022, 8(1):464
iScience, 2022, 25(5):104293
S5097 Methotrexate disodium Methotrexate disodium, an analog of folic acid, is a nonspecific inhibitor of the dihydrofolate reductase(DHFR) of bacteria and cancerous cells as well as normal cells. It forms an inactive ternary complex with DHFR and NADPH. Methotrexate (MTX) induces apoptosis.
Chin Med J (Engl), 2023, 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002816
Pharmaceutics, 2023, 15(2)576
Bioact Mater, 2022, 18:459-470
S2303 Gossypol Acetate Gossypol Acetate (Gossypol Acetic acid, Pogosin, AT101) is a polyphenolic aldehyde that permeates cells and acts as an inhibitor for several dehydrogenase enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, NAD-linked enzymes.
J Mol Cell Biol, 2023, 15(3)mjad017
J Agric Food Chem, 2022, 70(8):2589-2599
Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(21)5579
S8205 Enasidenib (AG-221) Enasidenib (AG-221) is a first-in-class, oral, potent, reversible, selective inhibitor of the IDH2 mutant enzyme with IC50 of 12 nM.
Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(2):496-515
Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):5709
Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):5709
S1247 Leflunomide Leflunomide is a pyrimidine synthesis and protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor belonging to the DMARD, used as an immunosuppressant agent. The active metabolite of Leflunomide is A77 1726, which inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). Leflunomide is also an agonist of the AhR.
EMBO J, 2023, e110620.
Respir Res, 2023, 24(1):319
Transl Cancer Res, 2023, 12(9):2294-2307
S2295 Emodin Emodin is a purgative resin, 6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone, from rhubarb, the buckthorn and Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica).
Biomolecules, 2023, 13(9)1274
Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2023, 16(3)447
Nat Chem Biol, 2022, 10.1038/s41589-022-00996-7
S7185 AGI-5198 AGI-5198 (IDH-C35) is the first highly potent and selective inhibitor of IDH1 R132H/R132C mutants with IC50 of 0.07 μM/0.16 μM.
Cancers -Basel), 2023, 15(19)4772
Cancer Cell, 2022, S1535-6108(22)00312-9
Cancer Res, 2022, 82(3):497-509
S8206 Ivosidenib (AG-120) Ivosidenib (AG-120) is an orally available inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase type 1 (IDH1), with potential antineoplastic activity.
Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(2):496-515
Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):5709
Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):5709
S7241 AGI-6780 AGI-6780 is a potent and selective inhibitor of IDH2 R140Q mutant with IC50 of 23 nM.
Mol Ther, 2023, 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.09.011
EMBO J, 2023, e110620.
Cell Rep, 2023, 42(8):112970
S8615 DCA (Sodium dichloroacetate) DCA (Sodium dichloroacetate), a specific inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) with IC50 values of 183 and 80 μM for PDK2 and PDK4 respectively, has been shown to derepress Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter and a mitochondrial potassium-ion channel axis. Sodium dichloroacetate increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, triggers apoptosis in cancer cells, and inhibits tumor growth.
iScience, 2024, 27(1):108645
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(7):457
Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1):1417
S1501 Mycophenolate mofetil Mycophenolate mofetil is a non-competitive, selective and reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase I/II with IC50 of 39 nM and 27 nM, respectively. Mycophenolate Mofetil induces caspase-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle inhibition in multiple myeloma cells.
eNeuro, 2023, 10(10)ENEURO.0159-23.2023
bioRxiv, 2023, 10.1101/2023.03.01.530588
Acta Neuropathol Commun, 2022, 10(1):150
S2487 Mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic acid (Mycophenolate, RS-61443) is a potent IMPDH inhibitor and the active metabolite of an immunosuppressive drug, used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation.
Cancer Cell, 2023, 41(1):124-138.e6
Cells, 2023, 12(5)743
Nat Commun, 2021, 12(1):1618
S1404 Trilostane Trilostane (WIN 24540) is an inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase used in the treatment of Cushing’s syndrome.
Invest New Drugs, 2021, 10.1007/s10637-021-01132-3
Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2019, 10.1155/2019/2985956
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids, 2018, 1863(6):625-638
S9783 6AN (6-Aminonicotinamide) 6AN (6-Aminonicotinamide) is an antimetabolite used to inhibit the NADPH-producing pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in many cellular systems, making them more susceptible to oxidative stress. 6-Aminonicotinamide is a competitive inhibitor of NADP+-dependent enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) with Ki of 0.46 μM.
Cell Rep Med, 2023, S2666-3791(23)00315-4
Cell Rep Med, 2023, 4(9):101162
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(10):652
S8619 NCT-503 NCT-503 is a phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) inhibitor with the IC50 value of 2.5 μM. It is inactive against a panel of other dehydrogenases and shows minimal cross-reactivity in a panel of 168 GPCRs.
Drug Resist Updat, 2023, 70:100985
Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):1011
Research (Wash D C), 2023, 6:0127
S8000 Tenovin-1 Tenovin-1 protects against MDM2-mediated p53 degradation, which involves ubiquitination, and acts through inhibition of protein-deacetylating activities of SirT1 and SirT2. Tenovin-1 is also an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH).
J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2021, 201:114121
J Transl Med, 2019, 17(1):76
Int J Mol Med, 2019, 44(3):1091-1105
S6626 Brequinar Brequinar is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) with an IC50 of ∼20 nM in vitro.
Cancer Cell, 2023, 41(1):124-138.e6
Adv Sci (Weinh), 2022, e2105451
Cell Rep, 2022, 41(11):111827
S4900 Tenovin-6 Tenovin-6 is a small molecule activator of p53 transcriptional activity and inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). Tenovin-6 is also an inhibitor of SirT1 and SirT2.
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(10):667
Front Immunol, 2021, 12:685523
Biomed Pharmacother, 2020, 125:109948
S7900 SW033291 SW033291 is a selective inhibitor of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) with IC50 and Ki of 1.5 nM and 0.1 nM, respectively.
Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1):535
Elife, 2021, 10e70324
Pharmaceutics, 2021, 13(11)1934
S8405 RRx-001 RRx-001 is a novel epigenetic modulator with potential radiosensitizing activity. It inhibits glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD) in human tumor cells, binds hemoglobin and drives RBC-mediated redox reactions under hypoxia. RRx-001 triggers apoptosis and exhibits anticancer activity.
Cell Rep, 2023, 42(9):113035
Cell Mol Immunol, 2021, 18(6):1425-1436
Cancer Lett, 2021, 521:29-38
S6852 Gossypol Gossypol (BL 193) is an orally-active polyphenol isolated from cotton seeds and roots. Gossypol is a potent inhibitor of 5α-reductase 1 and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with IC50 of 3.33 μM and 0.52 μM in cell-free assay, respectively. Gossypol also inhibits the binding of BH3 peptide to Bcl protein with IC50 of 0.4 μM and 10 μM for Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, respectively. Gossypol induces apoptosis and cell growth inhibition in various cancer cells.
Cells, 2023, 12(18)2247
Cells, 2023, 10.3390/cells12182247
Mol Med Rep, 2021, 23(1)40
S9721 Farudodstat

Farudodstat(LAS 186323,ASLAN003) is a potent and orally active inhibitor of DHODH (Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase) with IC50 of 35 nM for human DHODH enzyme activity. ASLAN003 impairs protein synthesis and induces the differentiation and apoptosis transcriptional program in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells via activation of AP-1 transcription factors.

Front Cell Dev Biol, 2023, 11:1089945
iScience, 2022, 25(5):104293
bioRxiv, 2021, 10.1101/2021.06.28.450163
S8847 Orludodstat (BAY 2402234) Orludodstat (BAY 2402234) is a novel and selective dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.2 nM.
J Med Virol, 2024, 96(1):e29372
iScience, 2022, 25(5):104293
bioRxiv, 2021, 10.1101/2021.06.28.450163
S4929 Enasidenib(AG-221) Mesylate Enasidenib (AG-221) mesylate is an orally available, selective and potent inhibitor of mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2).
Mol Cell, 2021, 81(18):3833-3847.e11
Cancer Res, 2021, 81(19):5033-5046
Yonsei Med J, 2020, 61(9):762-773
S7262 Vidofludimus Vidofludimus (SC12267, 4SC-101) is an orally active and potent dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor with IC50 of 134 nM for human DHODH. Vidofludimus calcium (IMU-838) is investigated as a potential treatment option for COVID-19. Phase 2.
Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(4)4235
J Med Virol, 2022, 10.1002/jmv.27891
Eur J Med Chem, 2019, 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111855
S1717 Fomepizole Fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole, Antizol, Antizol-Vet) is a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes the initial steps in the metabolism of ethylene glycol and methanol to their toxic metabolites.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2024, 388(1):209-217
Cell Rep, 2022, 40(5):111153
Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2019, 2019:3527809
S8611 Vorasidenib (AG-881) Vorasidenib (AG-881) is an orally available inhibitor of mutated forms of both isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2).
Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(1):170-193
eScholarship, 2023,
Cell, 2019, 36(2):179-193
S2376 Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate (AMGZ, Glycyram, Glycyrrhizin ammonium salt, Glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt) is a unique product from Licorice root with a very high sweetness. Ammonium glycyrrhizinate is a direct inhibitor of HMGB1 with anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic activities. Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate inhibits growth and cytopathology of several unrelated DNA and RNA viruses. Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate also inhibits both hepatic delta 4-5-reductase and 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
Eur J Pharmacol, 2024, 962:176171
Pharmacol Res, 2023, 192:106791
Food Funct, 2022, 10.1039/d2fo02337g
S6675 (R)-GNE-140 (R)-GNE-140 is a selective inhibitor of the LDHA and LDHB with IC50s of 3 nM and 5 nM, respectively. The R enantiomer of GNE-140 is 18-fold more potent than S enantiomer.
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2023, 10.1002/jcsm.13363
J Virol, 2022, jvi0197421
S6689 Merimepodib Merimepodib (Merimempodib, MMPD, VI-21,497, VX-497) is a potent, specific, and reversible inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase(IMPDH) inhibitor with antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and a variety of DNA and RNA viruses in vitro.Merimepodib is an immunosuppressive agent.
Cancer Cell, 2022, 40(9):957-972.e10
Cancer Cell, 2022, 40(9):957-972.e10
S0209 BVT 2733 BVT 2733, a new small molecule, is a non-steroidal, isoform-selective inhibitor of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1).
Iran J Basic Med Sci, 2023, 26(3):374-379
Iran J Basic Med Sci, 2023, 10.22038/IJBMS.2023.67927.14852
S2055 Gimeracil Gimeracil is an inhibitor of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, which inhibits the early step in homologous recombination for double strand breaks repair.
Cancer Cell, 2021, S1535-6108(21)00659-0
S0718 AG-120 (racemic) AG-120 (racemic), the racemic mixture of AG-120, is an orally available inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase type 1 (IDH1) with potential antineoplastic activity.
Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13:871392
S8382 ML390 ML390 is a human DHODH inhibitor that induces differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia.
J Med Virol, 2024, 96(1):e29372
J Med Virol, 2022, 10.1002/jmv.27891
S5800 Alda 1 Alda 1 is an ALDH2 agonist that activates catalysis for both wild-type ALDH2 (ALDH2*1) and ALDH2*2.
Front Med (Lausanne), 2022, 9:892472
S7941 NCT-501 NCT-501 is a potent and selective inhibitor of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) with IC50 of 40 nM.
Prostate, 2023, 10.1002/pros.24632
S9617 G6PDi-1 G6PDi-1 is an effective inhibitor of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). G6PDi-1 depletes NADPH and decreases inflammatory cytokine production.
EMBO J, 2023, e110620.
S2296 Enoxolone Enoxolone (Glycyrrhetin) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative of the beta-amyrin type obtained from the hydrolysis of glycyrrhizic acid, which was obtained from the herb liquorice.
J Med Virol, 2019, 91(8):1440-1447
S3652 3-Nitropropionic acid 3-Nitropropionic acid (β-Nitropropionic Acid, 3-NP) is an irreversible inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory Complex II succinate dehydrogenase, resulting in energy depletion through disruption of the electron transport chain.
Front Immunol, 2021, 12:618501
S3565 Brequinar Sodium Brequinar Sodium (Bipenquinate, BRQ, DUP-785, NSC 368390) is a potent and selective dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor with IC50 of ~20 nM and triggers differentiation in the ER-HoxA9, U937, and THP1 cells with ED50 of ~1 μM.
Front Cell Dev Biol, 2023, 11:1089945
S3804 Alpha-Mangostin Alpha-mangostin is the main xanthone purified from mangosteen and has health promoting benefits including anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and cardioprotective activities. alpha-Mangostin (α-Mangostin) is a dietary xanthone with broad biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-allergic, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. It is an inhibitor of mutant IDH1 (IDH1-R132H) with a Ki of 2.85 μM. Alpha-mangostin is also an agonist of human STING.
Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12:692806
S8590 GSK 2837808A GSK 2837808A is a selective LDHA (lactate dehydrogenase A) inhibitor with IC50 of 2.6 nM and 43 nM for hLDHA and hLDHB, respectively.
Nat Neurosci, 2022, 25(7):865-875
S8530 BAY 1436032 BAY-1436032 is a highly selective, potent and orally available inhibitor of mutant Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (mIDH1). It is a double-digit nanomolar and selective pan-inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of various IDH1-R132X mutants in vitro and displays potent inhibition of 2-HG release (nanomolar range) in patient derived and engineered cell lines expressing different IDH1 mutants.
Yonsei University Medical Library, 2022,
Haematologica, 2020, 2 pii: haematol
S2987 4-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid 4-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid (Ketoleucine, 4-MOV, KIC, 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid, alpha-Ketoisocaproic acid, alpha-ketoisocaproate, 2-Oxoisohexanoate) is released by Astrocytes to neurons and can be reaminated by aminotransferase to leucine. 4-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid reduces the rate of protein degradation in skeletal muscle. 4-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid acts as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and as a metabolic inhibitor possibly through its inhibitory effect on alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, OGDC) activity.
S3993 Ethyl Vanillate Ethyl vanillin (Bourbonal, Ethylprotal), a vanillin analog, is a flavouring agent and a fungicidal agent that exhibits strong antioxidant activity. Ethyl Vanillate inhibits 17β-HSD2 with an IC50 1.3 µM.
S6749 ASP-9521 ASP-9521 is a selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17β-HSD5).
E0355 CVT-10216 CVT-10216 is a highly selective, reversible inhibitor of ALDH-2 with an IC50 of 29 nM.
S5146 3-Methylpyrazole 3-Methylpyrazole (3-MP) is a weak or non-inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase.
S0522 CM10 CM10 is a potent and selective inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A family (ALDH1A) with IC50 of 1700 nM, 740 nM and 640 nM for ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2 and ALDH1A3, respectively. CM10 exhibits anti-cancer activity.
S0746 hDHODH-IN-1 hDHODH-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH) with anti-inflammatory effect.
S0747 DHODH-IN-11 DHODH-IN-11 is a Leflunomide derivative and a weak inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH).
S4116 Isovaleramide Isovaleramide(3-Methylbutanamide) is an anticonvulsant molecule isolated from Valeriana pavonii, it inhibits the liver alcohol dehydrogenases.
S9776 AG-636 AG-636 is an orally available inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) with potential antineoplastic activity.
S0764 AKR1C1-IN-1 AKR1C1-IN-1 is a potent and selective inhibitor of human 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C1) with Ki of 4 nM, 87 nM, 4.2 μM and 18.2 μM for AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3 and AKR1C4, respectively.
S9645 CBR-5884 CBR-5884 is a selective inhibitor of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) with IC50 of 33 μM. CBR-5884 inhibits de novo serine synthesis in cancer cells and was selectively toxic to cancer cell lines with high serine biosynthetic activity.
E1078 Emvododstat (PTC299) Emvododstat(PTC299), a post-transcriptional inhibitor of pathogenic VEGF and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase(DHODH), inhibits VEGFA mRNA translation and abnormal cell proliferation. In HeLa cells PTC299 inhibits hypoxia-induced VEGFA protein production with an EC50 of 1.64 nM.
S2289 Daidzin Daidzin (Daidzoside, Daidzein 7-O-glucoside, Daidzein 7-glucoside), a natural organic compound in the class of phytochemicals known as isoflavones, is a potent and selective inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase and inhibits ALDH-I selectively (Ki=20 nM); at least 500 times less effective against ALDH-Ⅱ, the cytosolic isozyme (Ki=10 μM).
S6222 Ethyl potassium malonate Ethyl potassium malonate (Potassium 3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanoate) is used as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. It acts as a precursor to produce (trimethylsilyl)ethyl malonate, which is utilized to prepare beta-ketoesters by acylation and serves as an intermediate for the preparation of ethyl tert-butyl malonate.
E0788 PfDHODH-IN-2 PfDHODH-IN-2, a dihydrothiophenone derivative, is a potent Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (pfDHODH) inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.11 µM, acting as an antimalarial agent which can be used for the research of malaria.
S3574 IDH-305 IDH-305 (Compound 13) is an orally available, mutant-selective and brain-penetrant inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) that targets IDH1(R132) mutation with IC50 of 27 nM, 28 nM and 6.14 μM for IDH1R132H, IDH1R132C and IDH1WT, respectively.
S4805 Carboxine Carboxin (Carbathiin, Vitavax, Kisvax) is a systemic agricultural fungicide and seed protectant.
S8949 Olutasidenib Olutasidenib is a potent, orally bioavailable, brain penetrant and selective mutant IDH1 (mIDH1) inhibitor with IC50 of 21.1 nM, 114 nM for IDH1-R132H, IDH1-R132C, respectively.
E1170 R162 R162 is a potent inhibitor of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1/GLUD1), with anti-cancer properties.
S8881 DS-1001b (DS 1001) DS-1001b is an oral selective inhibitor of mutant IDH1 R132X with potential antineoplastic activity and is designed to penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
S5425 Phenylglyoxal hydrate Phenylglyoxal (1-Phenylethanedione) is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. It reacts with arginine residues in purified Hageman factor (HF, Factor XII) and causes inhibition of its coagulant properties.
S5800 Alda 1 Alda 1 is an ALDH2 agonist that activates catalysis for both wild-type ALDH2 (ALDH2*1) and ALDH2*2.
Front Med (Lausanne), 2022, 9:892472
S1680 Disulfiram Disulfiram is a specific inhibitor of aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH) with IC50 of 0.15 μM and 1.45 μM for hALDH1 and hALDH2, respectively. Disulfiram is used for the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. Disulfiram induces apoptosis. Disulfiram is also an inhibitor of pore formation by gasdermin D (GSDMD).
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(12):825
J Transl Med, 2023, 21(1):334
Neural Regen Res, 2023, 18(2):357-363
S2302 Glycyrrhizin (NSC 167409) Glycyrrhizin (NSC 167409, Glycyrrhizic Acid) is a direct HMGB1(high mobility group box 1) inhibitor that inhibits HMGB1-dependent inflammatory molecule expression and oxidative stress; modulates P38 and P-JNK but not p-ERK signalling; Also inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase (MAO).
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2024, 272:116068
Front Immunol, 2023, 14:1024706
Front Immunol, 2023, 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1024706
S2776 Devimistat (CPI-613) Devimistat (CPI-613), a lipoate analog, inhibits mitochondrial enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in NCI-H460 cell line, disrupts tumor cell mitochondrial metabolism. CPI-613 induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Phase 2.
Cell Discov, 2023, 9(1):76
Nat Commun, 2023, 10.1038/s41467-023-43261-8
Cell Mol Immunol, 2022, 10.1038/s41423-022-00842-9
S4169 Teriflunomide Teriflunomide (A77 1726, HMR-1726) is the active metabolite of leflunomide, inhibiting pyrimidine de novo synthesis by blocking the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, used as an immunomodulatory agent.
Front Cell Dev Biol, 2023, 11:1089945
Cell Death Discov, 2022, 8(1):464
iScience, 2022, 25(5):104293
S5097 Methotrexate disodium Methotrexate disodium, an analog of folic acid, is a nonspecific inhibitor of the dihydrofolate reductase(DHFR) of bacteria and cancerous cells as well as normal cells. It forms an inactive ternary complex with DHFR and NADPH. Methotrexate (MTX) induces apoptosis.
Chin Med J (Engl), 2023, 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002816
Pharmaceutics, 2023, 15(2)576
Bioact Mater, 2022, 18:459-470
S2303 Gossypol Acetate Gossypol Acetate (Gossypol Acetic acid, Pogosin, AT101) is a polyphenolic aldehyde that permeates cells and acts as an inhibitor for several dehydrogenase enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, NAD-linked enzymes.
J Mol Cell Biol, 2023, 15(3)mjad017
J Agric Food Chem, 2022, 70(8):2589-2599
Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(21)5579
S8205 Enasidenib (AG-221) Enasidenib (AG-221) is a first-in-class, oral, potent, reversible, selective inhibitor of the IDH2 mutant enzyme with IC50 of 12 nM.
Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(2):496-515
Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):5709
Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):5709
S1247 Leflunomide Leflunomide is a pyrimidine synthesis and protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor belonging to the DMARD, used as an immunosuppressant agent. The active metabolite of Leflunomide is A77 1726, which inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). Leflunomide is also an agonist of the AhR.
EMBO J, 2023, e110620.
Respir Res, 2023, 24(1):319
Transl Cancer Res, 2023, 12(9):2294-2307
S2295 Emodin Emodin is a purgative resin, 6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone, from rhubarb, the buckthorn and Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica).
Biomolecules, 2023, 13(9)1274
Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2023, 16(3)447
Nat Chem Biol, 2022, 10.1038/s41589-022-00996-7
S7185 AGI-5198 AGI-5198 (IDH-C35) is the first highly potent and selective inhibitor of IDH1 R132H/R132C mutants with IC50 of 0.07 μM/0.16 μM.
Cancers -Basel), 2023, 15(19)4772
Cancer Cell, 2022, S1535-6108(22)00312-9
Cancer Res, 2022, 82(3):497-509
S8206 Ivosidenib (AG-120) Ivosidenib (AG-120) is an orally available inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase type 1 (IDH1), with potential antineoplastic activity.
Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(2):496-515
Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):5709
Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):5709
S7241 AGI-6780 AGI-6780 is a potent and selective inhibitor of IDH2 R140Q mutant with IC50 of 23 nM.
Mol Ther, 2023, 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.09.011
EMBO J, 2023, e110620.
Cell Rep, 2023, 42(8):112970
S8615 DCA (Sodium dichloroacetate) DCA (Sodium dichloroacetate), a specific inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) with IC50 values of 183 and 80 μM for PDK2 and PDK4 respectively, has been shown to derepress Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter and a mitochondrial potassium-ion channel axis. Sodium dichloroacetate increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, triggers apoptosis in cancer cells, and inhibits tumor growth.
iScience, 2024, 27(1):108645
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(7):457
Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1):1417
S1501 Mycophenolate mofetil Mycophenolate mofetil is a non-competitive, selective and reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase I/II with IC50 of 39 nM and 27 nM, respectively. Mycophenolate Mofetil induces caspase-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle inhibition in multiple myeloma cells.
eNeuro, 2023, 10(10)ENEURO.0159-23.2023
bioRxiv, 2023, 10.1101/2023.03.01.530588
Acta Neuropathol Commun, 2022, 10(1):150
S2487 Mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic acid (Mycophenolate, RS-61443) is a potent IMPDH inhibitor and the active metabolite of an immunosuppressive drug, used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation.
Cancer Cell, 2023, 41(1):124-138.e6
Cells, 2023, 12(5)743
Nat Commun, 2021, 12(1):1618
S1404 Trilostane Trilostane (WIN 24540) is an inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase used in the treatment of Cushing’s syndrome.
Invest New Drugs, 2021, 10.1007/s10637-021-01132-3
Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2019, 10.1155/2019/2985956
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids, 2018, 1863(6):625-638
S9783 6AN (6-Aminonicotinamide) 6AN (6-Aminonicotinamide) is an antimetabolite used to inhibit the NADPH-producing pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in many cellular systems, making them more susceptible to oxidative stress. 6-Aminonicotinamide is a competitive inhibitor of NADP+-dependent enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) with Ki of 0.46 μM.
Cell Rep Med, 2023, S2666-3791(23)00315-4
Cell Rep Med, 2023, 4(9):101162
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(10):652
S8619 NCT-503 NCT-503 is a phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) inhibitor with the IC50 value of 2.5 μM. It is inactive against a panel of other dehydrogenases and shows minimal cross-reactivity in a panel of 168 GPCRs.
Drug Resist Updat, 2023, 70:100985
Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):1011
Research (Wash D C), 2023, 6:0127
S8000 Tenovin-1 Tenovin-1 protects against MDM2-mediated p53 degradation, which involves ubiquitination, and acts through inhibition of protein-deacetylating activities of SirT1 and SirT2. Tenovin-1 is also an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH).
J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2021, 201:114121
J Transl Med, 2019, 17(1):76
Int J Mol Med, 2019, 44(3):1091-1105
S6626 Brequinar Brequinar is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) with an IC50 of ∼20 nM in vitro.
Cancer Cell, 2023, 41(1):124-138.e6
Adv Sci (Weinh), 2022, e2105451
Cell Rep, 2022, 41(11):111827
S4900 Tenovin-6 Tenovin-6 is a small molecule activator of p53 transcriptional activity and inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). Tenovin-6 is also an inhibitor of SirT1 and SirT2.
Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(10):667
Front Immunol, 2021, 12:685523
Biomed Pharmacother, 2020, 125:109948
S7900 SW033291 SW033291 is a selective inhibitor of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) with IC50 and Ki of 1.5 nM and 0.1 nM, respectively.
Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1):535
Elife, 2021, 10e70324
Pharmaceutics, 2021, 13(11)1934
S8405 RRx-001 RRx-001 is a novel epigenetic modulator with potential radiosensitizing activity. It inhibits glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD) in human tumor cells, binds hemoglobin and drives RBC-mediated redox reactions under hypoxia. RRx-001 triggers apoptosis and exhibits anticancer activity.
Cell Rep, 2023, 42(9):113035
Cell Mol Immunol, 2021, 18(6):1425-1436
Cancer Lett, 2021, 521:29-38
S6852 Gossypol Gossypol (BL 193) is an orally-active polyphenol isolated from cotton seeds and roots. Gossypol is a potent inhibitor of 5α-reductase 1 and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with IC50 of 3.33 μM and 0.52 μM in cell-free assay, respectively. Gossypol also inhibits the binding of BH3 peptide to Bcl protein with IC50 of 0.4 μM and 10 μM for Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, respectively. Gossypol induces apoptosis and cell growth inhibition in various cancer cells.
Cells, 2023, 12(18)2247
Cells, 2023, 10.3390/cells12182247
Mol Med Rep, 2021, 23(1)40
S9721 Farudodstat

Farudodstat(LAS 186323,ASLAN003) is a potent and orally active inhibitor of DHODH (Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase) with IC50 of 35 nM for human DHODH enzyme activity. ASLAN003 impairs protein synthesis and induces the differentiation and apoptosis transcriptional program in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells via activation of AP-1 transcription factors.

Front Cell Dev Biol, 2023, 11:1089945
iScience, 2022, 25(5):104293
bioRxiv, 2021, 10.1101/2021.06.28.450163
S8847 Orludodstat (BAY 2402234) Orludodstat (BAY 2402234) is a novel and selective dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.2 nM.
J Med Virol, 2024, 96(1):e29372
iScience, 2022, 25(5):104293
bioRxiv, 2021, 10.1101/2021.06.28.450163
S4929 Enasidenib(AG-221) Mesylate Enasidenib (AG-221) mesylate is an orally available, selective and potent inhibitor of mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2).
Mol Cell, 2021, 81(18):3833-3847.e11
Cancer Res, 2021, 81(19):5033-5046
Yonsei Med J, 2020, 61(9):762-773
S7262 Vidofludimus Vidofludimus (SC12267, 4SC-101) is an orally active and potent dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor with IC50 of 134 nM for human DHODH. Vidofludimus calcium (IMU-838) is investigated as a potential treatment option for COVID-19. Phase 2.
Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(4)4235
J Med Virol, 2022, 10.1002/jmv.27891
Eur J Med Chem, 2019, 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111855
S1717 Fomepizole Fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole, Antizol, Antizol-Vet) is a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes the initial steps in the metabolism of ethylene glycol and methanol to their toxic metabolites.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2024, 388(1):209-217
Cell Rep, 2022, 40(5):111153
Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2019, 2019:3527809
S8611 Vorasidenib (AG-881) Vorasidenib (AG-881) is an orally available inhibitor of mutated forms of both isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2).
Cancer Discov, 2023, 13(1):170-193
eScholarship, 2023,
Cell, 2019, 36(2):179-193
S2376 Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate (AMGZ, Glycyram, Glycyrrhizin ammonium salt, Glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt) is a unique product from Licorice root with a very high sweetness. Ammonium glycyrrhizinate is a direct inhibitor of HMGB1 with anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic activities. Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate inhibits growth and cytopathology of several unrelated DNA and RNA viruses. Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate also inhibits both hepatic delta 4-5-reductase and 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
Eur J Pharmacol, 2024, 962:176171
Pharmacol Res, 2023, 192:106791
Food Funct, 2022, 10.1039/d2fo02337g
S6675 (R)-GNE-140 (R)-GNE-140 is a selective inhibitor of the LDHA and LDHB with IC50s of 3 nM and 5 nM, respectively. The R enantiomer of GNE-140 is 18-fold more potent than S enantiomer.
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2023, 10.1002/jcsm.13363
J Virol, 2022, jvi0197421
S6689 Merimepodib Merimepodib (Merimempodib, MMPD, VI-21,497, VX-497) is a potent, specific, and reversible inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase(IMPDH) inhibitor with antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and a variety of DNA and RNA viruses in vitro.Merimepodib is an immunosuppressive agent.
Cancer Cell, 2022, 40(9):957-972.e10
Cancer Cell, 2022, 40(9):957-972.e10
S0209 BVT 2733 BVT 2733, a new small molecule, is a non-steroidal, isoform-selective inhibitor of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1).
Iran J Basic Med Sci, 2023, 26(3):374-379
Iran J Basic Med Sci, 2023, 10.22038/IJBMS.2023.67927.14852
S2055 Gimeracil Gimeracil is an inhibitor of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, which inhibits the early step in homologous recombination for double strand breaks repair.
Cancer Cell, 2021, S1535-6108(21)00659-0
S0718 AG-120 (racemic) AG-120 (racemic), the racemic mixture of AG-120, is an orally available inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase type 1 (IDH1) with potential antineoplastic activity.
Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13:871392
S8382 ML390 ML390 is a human DHODH inhibitor that induces differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia.
J Med Virol, 2024, 96(1):e29372
J Med Virol, 2022, 10.1002/jmv.27891
S7941 NCT-501 NCT-501 is a potent and selective inhibitor of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) with IC50 of 40 nM.
Prostate, 2023, 10.1002/pros.24632
S9617 G6PDi-1 G6PDi-1 is an effective inhibitor of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). G6PDi-1 depletes NADPH and decreases inflammatory cytokine production.
EMBO J, 2023, e110620.
S2296 Enoxolone Enoxolone (Glycyrrhetin) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative of the beta-amyrin type obtained from the hydrolysis of glycyrrhizic acid, which was obtained from the herb liquorice.
J Med Virol, 2019, 91(8):1440-1447
S3652 3-Nitropropionic acid 3-Nitropropionic acid (β-Nitropropionic Acid, 3-NP) is an irreversible inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory Complex II succinate dehydrogenase, resulting in energy depletion through disruption of the electron transport chain.
Front Immunol, 2021, 12:618501
S3565 Brequinar Sodium Brequinar Sodium (Bipenquinate, BRQ, DUP-785, NSC 368390) is a potent and selective dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor with IC50 of ~20 nM and triggers differentiation in the ER-HoxA9, U937, and THP1 cells with ED50 of ~1 μM.
Front Cell Dev Biol, 2023, 11:1089945
S3804 Alpha-Mangostin Alpha-mangostin is the main xanthone purified from mangosteen and has health promoting benefits including anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and cardioprotective activities. alpha-Mangostin (α-Mangostin) is a dietary xanthone with broad biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-allergic, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. It is an inhibitor of mutant IDH1 (IDH1-R132H) with a Ki of 2.85 μM. Alpha-mangostin is also an agonist of human STING.
Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12:692806
S8590 GSK 2837808A GSK 2837808A is a selective LDHA (lactate dehydrogenase A) inhibitor with IC50 of 2.6 nM and 43 nM for hLDHA and hLDHB, respectively.
Nat Neurosci, 2022, 25(7):865-875
S8530 BAY 1436032 BAY-1436032 is a highly selective, potent and orally available inhibitor of mutant Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (mIDH1). It is a double-digit nanomolar and selective pan-inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of various IDH1-R132X mutants in vitro and displays potent inhibition of 2-HG release (nanomolar range) in patient derived and engineered cell lines expressing different IDH1 mutants.
Yonsei University Medical Library, 2022,
Haematologica, 2020, 2 pii: haematol
S2987 4-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid 4-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid (Ketoleucine, 4-MOV, KIC, 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid, alpha-Ketoisocaproic acid, alpha-ketoisocaproate, 2-Oxoisohexanoate) is released by Astrocytes to neurons and can be reaminated by aminotransferase to leucine. 4-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid reduces the rate of protein degradation in skeletal muscle. 4-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid acts as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and as a metabolic inhibitor possibly through its inhibitory effect on alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, OGDC) activity.
S3993 Ethyl Vanillate Ethyl vanillin (Bourbonal, Ethylprotal), a vanillin analog, is a flavouring agent and a fungicidal agent that exhibits strong antioxidant activity. Ethyl Vanillate inhibits 17β-HSD2 with an IC50 1.3 µM.
S6749 ASP-9521 ASP-9521 is a selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17β-HSD5).
E0355 CVT-10216 CVT-10216 is a highly selective, reversible inhibitor of ALDH-2 with an IC50 of 29 nM.
S5146 3-Methylpyrazole 3-Methylpyrazole (3-MP) is a weak or non-inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase.
S0522 CM10 CM10 is a potent and selective inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A family (ALDH1A) with IC50 of 1700 nM, 740 nM and 640 nM for ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2 and ALDH1A3, respectively. CM10 exhibits anti-cancer activity.
S0746 hDHODH-IN-1 hDHODH-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH) with anti-inflammatory effect.
S0747 DHODH-IN-11 DHODH-IN-11 is a Leflunomide derivative and a weak inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH).
S4116 Isovaleramide Isovaleramide(3-Methylbutanamide) is an anticonvulsant molecule isolated from Valeriana pavonii, it inhibits the liver alcohol dehydrogenases.
S9776 AG-636 AG-636 is an orally available inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) with potential antineoplastic activity.
S0764 AKR1C1-IN-1 AKR1C1-IN-1 is a potent and selective inhibitor of human 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C1) with Ki of 4 nM, 87 nM, 4.2 μM and 18.2 μM for AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3 and AKR1C4, respectively.
S9645 CBR-5884 CBR-5884 is a selective inhibitor of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) with IC50 of 33 μM. CBR-5884 inhibits de novo serine synthesis in cancer cells and was selectively toxic to cancer cell lines with high serine biosynthetic activity.
E1078 Emvododstat (PTC299) Emvododstat(PTC299), a post-transcriptional inhibitor of pathogenic VEGF and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase(DHODH), inhibits VEGFA mRNA translation and abnormal cell proliferation. In HeLa cells PTC299 inhibits hypoxia-induced VEGFA protein production with an EC50 of 1.64 nM.
S2289 Daidzin Daidzin (Daidzoside, Daidzein 7-O-glucoside, Daidzein 7-glucoside), a natural organic compound in the class of phytochemicals known as isoflavones, is a potent and selective inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase and inhibits ALDH-I selectively (Ki=20 nM); at least 500 times less effective against ALDH-Ⅱ, the cytosolic isozyme (Ki=10 μM).
S6222 Ethyl potassium malonate Ethyl potassium malonate (Potassium 3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanoate) is used as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. It acts as a precursor to produce (trimethylsilyl)ethyl malonate, which is utilized to prepare beta-ketoesters by acylation and serves as an intermediate for the preparation of ethyl tert-butyl malonate.
E0788 PfDHODH-IN-2 PfDHODH-IN-2, a dihydrothiophenone derivative, is a potent Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (pfDHODH) inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.11 µM, acting as an antimalarial agent which can be used for the research of malaria.
S3574 IDH-305 IDH-305 (Compound 13) is an orally available, mutant-selective and brain-penetrant inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) that targets IDH1(R132) mutation with IC50 of 27 nM, 28 nM and 6.14 μM for IDH1R132H, IDH1R132C and IDH1WT, respectively.
S4805 Carboxine Carboxin (Carbathiin, Vitavax, Kisvax) is a systemic agricultural fungicide and seed protectant.
S8949 Olutasidenib Olutasidenib is a potent, orally bioavailable, brain penetrant and selective mutant IDH1 (mIDH1) inhibitor with IC50 of 21.1 nM, 114 nM for IDH1-R132H, IDH1-R132C, respectively.
E1170 R162 R162 is a potent inhibitor of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1/GLUD1), with anti-cancer properties.
S8881 DS-1001b (DS 1001) DS-1001b is an oral selective inhibitor of mutant IDH1 R132X with potential antineoplastic activity and is designed to penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
S5425 Phenylglyoxal hydrate Phenylglyoxal (1-Phenylethanedione) is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. It reacts with arginine residues in purified Hageman factor (HF, Factor XII) and causes inhibition of its coagulant properties.
S5800 Alda 1 Alda 1 is an ALDH2 agonist that activates catalysis for both wild-type ALDH2 (ALDH2*1) and ALDH2*2.
Front Med (Lausanne), 2022, 9:892472

Dehydrogenase阻害剤の選択性比較

Tags: Dehydrogenase inhibition | Dehydrogenase activity | Dehydrogenase assay | Dehydrogenase reaction | Dehydrogenase enzyme activity | pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibition | pyruvate dehydrogenase activity | pyruvate dehydrogenase assay | pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphorylation | pyruvate dehydrogenase cancer | pyruvate dehydrogenase pathway | pyruvate dehydrogenase activation | dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity | stearoyl-CoA desaturase pathway | Dehydrogenase inhibitor review