GABA受容体

シグナル伝達経路

研究分野

阻害剤の選択性比較

カタログ番号	製品カタログ	溶解度(25°C)
カタログ番号	製品カタログ	水	DMSO	アルコール
S1168	Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium valproate)	33 mg/mL	33 mg/mL	33 mg/mL
S3018	Niflumic acid	<1 mg/mL	56 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S4661	Tiagabine hydrochloride	11 mg/mL	82 mg/mL	82 mg/mL
S6470	Fluralaner	<1 mg/mL	100 mg/mL	25 mg/mL
S1969	Nefiracetam	5 mg/mL	49 mg/mL	49 mg/mL
S4772	alpha-Asarone	-1 mg/mL	41 mg/mL	-1 mg/mL
S5319	AWD 131-138	<1 mg/mL	30 mg/mL	2 mg/mL
S1332	Flumazenil	<1 mg/mL	5 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S7071	(+)-Bicuculline	<1 mg/mL	21 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S9249	Securinine	-1 mg/mL	44 mg/mL	-1 mg/mL
S2026	Ginkgolide A	<1 mg/mL	81 mg/mL	2 mg/mL
S4587	Pentylenetetrazol	27 mg/mL	27 mg/mL	27 mg/mL
S6008	p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde	-1 mg/mL	24 mg/mL	-1 mg/mL
S9065	Songorine	-1 mg/mL	71 mg/mL	-1 mg/mL
S4197	Bemegride	<1 mg/mL	31 mg/mL	31 mg/mL
S5049	Thiocolchicoside	100 mg/mL	100 mg/mL	2 mg/mL
S6094	Imidazole-4(5)-acetic Acid Hydrochloride	-1 mg/mL	10 mg/mL	-1 mg/mL
S9176	Pimpinellin	-1 mg/mL	49 mg/mL	-1 mg/mL
S1338	Gabapentin HCl	42 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S1329	Etomidate	<1 mg/mL	49 mg/mL	49 mg/mL
S2133	Gabapentin	34 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S3072	(R)-baclofen	8 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S4574	Piperazine	17 mg/mL	8 mg/mL	17 mg/mL
S4840	Baclofen	0.1 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S3634	6-Hydroxyflavone (6-HF)	<1 mg/mL	47 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S4892	Phenibut	-1 mg/mL	35 mg/mL	-1 mg/mL
S2269	Baicalin	<1 mg/mL	89 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S4961	3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid	-1 mg/mL	47 mg/mL	-1 mg/mL
S3786	Glabridin	-1 mg/mL	64 mg/mL	-1 mg/mL
S2399	Dihydromyricetin	<1 mg/mL	64 mg/mL	64 mg/mL
S3663	Afloqualone	<1 mg/mL	56 mg/mL	28 mg/mL
S4270	Oxiracetam	31 mg/mL	31 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S4700	4-Aminobutyric acid	20 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S3748	Acamprosate Calcium	40 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S5612	Isonipecotic acid	26 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL	-1 mg/mL
S6755	NS 11394	<1 mg/mL	71 mg/mL	71 mg/mL
S3959	(+)-Borneol	-1 mg/mL	30 mg/mL	-1 mg/mL
S5805	Allopregnanolone	<1 mg/mL	64 mg/mL	31 mg/mL
S9409	Kavain	-1 mg/mL	46 mg/mL	-1 mg/mL
S3977	(-)-Borneol	-1 mg/mL	30 mg/mL	-1 mg/mL

亜型選択性的な製品

GABA Receptor製品

All (44) GABA Receptor阻害剤(5) GABA Receptor活性剤(3) GABA Receptor拮抗剤(11) GABA Receptor作動薬(17) GABA Receptorモジュレータ(8)

製品コード	製品説明	文献中Selleckの製品使用例	お客様のフィードバック
S1168	Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium valproate) Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium valproate) is a HDAC inhibitor by selectively inducing proteasomal degradation of HDAC2, used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches.	J Cell Physiol, 2020, 10.1002/jcp.29443 Biochem Pharmacol, 2020, 3;178:114067 Cell Signal, 2020, 68:109525	Western blot analysis of Acetylated Histone and Histone. 0-10μM sodium valproate was added.
S3018	Niflumic acid Niflumic acid is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 used for joint and muscular pain.
S4661	Tiagabine hydrochloride Tiagabine Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of tiagabine, a nipecotic acid derivative with anticonvulsant property. A selective gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reuptake inhibitor.
S4675	Tiagabine Tiagabine is an anti-convulsive medication and a selective gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reuptake inhibitor.
S6470	Fluralaner Fluralaner is a systemic insecticide and acaricide that is administered orally.Fluralaner inhibits γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channels (GABAA receptors) and L-glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls).
S1969	Nefiracetam Nefiracetam is a GABAergic, cholinergic, and monoaminergic neuronal system enhancer for Ro 5-4864-induced convulsions. Phase 2.
S4772	alpha-Asarone Alpha (α)-asarone is one of the main pharmacologically active compounds present in Acorus calamus Linn (Acoraceae), Acorus tatarinowii Schott (Acoraceae), and Acorus gramineus Solander. It has anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, anxiolytic and nootropic effects.
S5319	AWD 131-138 AWD 131-138 is a centrally acting anti-epileptic which crosses the blood brain barrier and is used for the treatment of canine idiopathic epilepsy.
S1332	Flumazenil Flumazenil is a competitive GABAA receptor antagonist, used in the treatment of benzodiazepine overdoses.	Biomed Pharmacother, 2018, 107:1674-1681 Holist Nurs Pract, 2017, 31(3):193-203
S7071	(+)-Bicuculline (+)-Bicuculline is a competitive antagonist of GABA_A receptors with IC50 of 2 μM, also blocks Ca(2+)-activated potassium channels.	Front Cell Neurosci, 2020, 14:24 Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2019, 316(1):L20-L34 Neurochem Int, 2019, 131:104542	Effects of antagonists on the anti-hyperalgesic effects of sinomenine in CCI rats. * P<0.05 as compared to vehicle control group (N=8 per group). The GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline but not the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone nor the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 blocked the antinociceptive effects of 40 mg/kg sinomenine.
S9249	Securinine Securinine, a major natural alkaloid product from the root of the plant Securinega suffruticosa, acts as a γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor antagonist.
S2026	Ginkgolide A Ginkgolide A is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist with a K_i of 14.5 μM.	Cell Rep, 2020, 21;31(3):107521
S4587	Pentylenetetrazol Pentylenetetrazol displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GABA(A) receptor antagonist.
S6008	p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, which can be found in the orchids Gastrodia elata, Galeola faberi and vanilla, is a hydroxybenzaldehyde that reacts with NAD+ and H2O to produce 4-hydroxybenzoate, NADH, and 2 protons.
S9065	Songorine Songorine, a ubiquitous alkaloid in the genus Aconitum, is a novel antagonist of the GABAA receptor in rat brain and has antiarrhythmic, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, regenerative and CNS-modulating properties.
S4197	Bemegride Bemegride is a central nervous system stimulant and antidote for barbiturate poisoning.
S5049	Thiocolchicoside Thiocolchicoside is a natural occuring glycoside originated from the flower seeds of superba gloriosa with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties as well as pronounced convulsant activity. It is also an antagonist of GABAA receptor.
S6094	Imidazole-4(5)-acetic Acid Hydrochloride Imidazole-4(5)-acetic Acid Hydrochloride is a competitive antagonist at GABAC receptors.
S9176	Pimpinellin Pimpinellin is a furocoumarin that acts as antagonist of proteins with GABA receptor activity.
S1338	Gabapentin HCl Gabapentin HCl is a GABA analogue, used to treat seizures and neuropathic pain.
S1329	Etomidate Etomidate is a GABAA receptor agonist, used as a short-acting anaesthetic agent or sedative.
S2133	Gabapentin Gabapentin is a GABA analogue, used to treat seizures and neuropathic pain.	Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2018, 11(12):5536-5546
S3072	(R)-baclofen (R)-baclofen is a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid primarily used to treat spasticity.
S4574	Piperazine Piperazine, GABA receptor agonist, is an anthelmintic used in the treatment of the intestinal nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis.
S4840	Baclofen Baclofen is a gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) derivative used as a skeletal muscle relaxant and central nervous system depressant. It activates GABA receptors, specifically the GABAB receptors.
S3634	6-Hydroxyflavone (6-HF) 6-Hydroxyflavone, a naturally occurring flavonoid, binds to GABAA receptors with moderate affinity and acts as a partial agonist of GABAA receptors.
S4892	Phenibut Phenibut, a GABA analogue, is a central nervous system depressant with anxiolytic and sedative effects.
S2269	Baicalin Baicalin is a known prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor and affects the GABA receptors.	Reprod Fertil Dev, 2019, 31(5):983-992 J Nutr Biochem, 2013, 24(11):1953-62
S4961	3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid 3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMCA) is one of the constituents of Polygalae Radix and may exert anti-seizure activity by acting at the GABAA/BZ receptor complex.
S3786	Glabridin Glabridin, one of the active phytochemicals in licorice extract, binds to and activates the ligand binding domain of PPARγ, as well as the full length receptor. It is also a GABAA receptor positive modulator promoting fatty acid oxidation and improving learning and memory.
S2399	Dihydromyricetin Dihydromyricetin (Ampelopsin, Ampeloptin) is a natural antioxidant flavonoid from Ampelopsis grossedentata.	Cell Signal, 2020, 65:109431 Fundam Clin Pharmacol, 2016, 30(6):596-606 Oncotarget, 2016, 10.18632/oncotarget.10836	ADH and ALDH expressions in 40% ethanol loaded mice for three hours. Group 1, 500 lM taraxerone; Group 2, 1 mM taraxerone; Group 3, 3 mM DHM (positive control); Group 4, DMSO (control); Group 5, saline. Taraxerone and DHM were dissolved in DMSO, and all treated samples (ethanol, taraxerone, DHM, DMSO, and saline) were administered orally (5 mL/kg body weight). The same letters denote significant differences at p < 0.05, and the error bar represents standard deviation.
S3663	Afloqualone Afloqualone (AFQ) is a quinazolinone family GABAergic drug with muscle-relaxant and sedative effects, showing the agonist activity at the β subtype of the GABAa receptor.
S4270	Oxiracetam Oxiracetam, a cyclic derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is used as a nootropic drug to improve memory and learning.
S4700	4-Aminobutyric acid Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter with central nervous system (CNS) inhibitory activity.
S3748	Acamprosate Calcium Acamprosate, calcium acetylhomotaurinate, is a synthetic compound with a chemical structure similar to the amino acid neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the amino acid neuromodulator taurine.
S5612	Isonipecotic acid Isonipecotic acid is a heterocyclic compound that mainly acts as a GABAA receptor partial agonist.
S6755^新	NS 11394 NS11394 is a subtype-selective positive allosteric modulator at GABAA receptors, with selectivity for the α3 and α5 subtypes.
S6611^新	Cyclothiazide Cyclothiazide is a positive allosteric modulator of ionotropic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors with critical roles in neurological development and function.	Cell Death Dis, 2020, 24;11(1):63 Eur J Med Chem, 2020, 15;192:112199 Int J Biol Sci, 2020, 25;16(11):1774-1784
S5131	Homotaurine Homotaurine is a synthetic organic compound that has GABAergic activity by mimicking GABA. It is a GABAA partial agonist as well as a GABAB receptor partial agonist with low efficacy.
S3959	(+)-Borneol (+)-Borneol is one of enantiomers of borneol which is a valuable medical material, senior aromatic spice, and chemical material and has been used in food and also folk medicine.
S5596	(1S)-(-)-α-Pinene α-Pinene is found in the oils of many species of many coniferous trees, notably the pine and has insecticidal activity.
S5805	Allopregnanolone Allopregnanolone, a neurosteroid synthesized from progesterone in brain, acts as a highly potent positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor.
S9409	Kavain Kavain, the main kavalactone found mostly in the roots of the kava plant, has anticonvulsive properties, attenuating vascular smooth muscle contraction through interactions with voltage-dependent Na+ and Ca2+ channels.
S3977	(-)-Borneol (-)-Borneol, one of enantiomers of borneol, has a camphoraceous and evident woody odor.

製品コード	製品説明	文献中Selleckの製品使用例	お客様のフィードバック
S1168	Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium valproate) Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium valproate) is a HDAC inhibitor by selectively inducing proteasomal degradation of HDAC2, used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches.	J Cell Physiol, 2020, 10.1002/jcp.29443 Biochem Pharmacol, 2020, 3;178:114067 Cell Signal, 2020, 68:109525	Western blot analysis of Acetylated Histone and Histone. 0-10μM sodium valproate was added.
S3018	Niflumic acid Niflumic acid is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 used for joint and muscular pain.
S4661	Tiagabine hydrochloride Tiagabine Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of tiagabine, a nipecotic acid derivative with anticonvulsant property. A selective gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reuptake inhibitor.
S4675	Tiagabine Tiagabine is an anti-convulsive medication and a selective gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reuptake inhibitor.
S6470	Fluralaner Fluralaner is a systemic insecticide and acaricide that is administered orally.Fluralaner inhibits γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channels (GABAA receptors) and L-glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls).

製品コード	製品説明	文献中Selleckの製品使用例	お客様のフィードバック
S1969	Nefiracetam Nefiracetam is a GABAergic, cholinergic, and monoaminergic neuronal system enhancer for Ro 5-4864-induced convulsions. Phase 2.
S4772	alpha-Asarone Alpha (α)-asarone is one of the main pharmacologically active compounds present in Acorus calamus Linn (Acoraceae), Acorus tatarinowii Schott (Acoraceae), and Acorus gramineus Solander. It has anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, anxiolytic and nootropic effects.
S5319	AWD 131-138 AWD 131-138 is a centrally acting anti-epileptic which crosses the blood brain barrier and is used for the treatment of canine idiopathic epilepsy.

製品コード

製品説明

文献中Selleckの製品使用例

お客様のフィードバック

S1969

Nefiracetam

Nefiracetam is a GABAergic, cholinergic, and monoaminergic neuronal system enhancer for Ro 5-4864-induced convulsions. Phase 2.

S4772

Alpha (α)-asarone is one of the main pharmacologically active compounds present in Acorus calamus Linn (Acoraceae), Acorus tatarinowii Schott (Acoraceae), and Acorus gramineus Solander. It has anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, anxiolytic and nootropic effects.

S5319

AWD 131-138

AWD 131-138 is a centrally acting anti-epileptic which crosses the blood brain barrier and is used for the treatment of canine idiopathic epilepsy.

製品コード	製品説明	文献中Selleckの製品使用例	お客様のフィードバック
S1332	Flumazenil Flumazenil is a competitive GABAA receptor antagonist, used in the treatment of benzodiazepine overdoses.	Biomed Pharmacother, 2018, 107:1674-1681 Holist Nurs Pract, 2017, 31(3):193-203
S7071	(+)-Bicuculline (+)-Bicuculline is a competitive antagonist of GABA_A receptors with IC50 of 2 μM, also blocks Ca(2+)-activated potassium channels.	Front Cell Neurosci, 2020, 14:24 Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2019, 316(1):L20-L34 Neurochem Int, 2019, 131:104542	Effects of antagonists on the anti-hyperalgesic effects of sinomenine in CCI rats. * P<0.05 as compared to vehicle control group (N=8 per group). The GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline but not the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone nor the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 blocked the antinociceptive effects of 40 mg/kg sinomenine.
S9249	Securinine Securinine, a major natural alkaloid product from the root of the plant Securinega suffruticosa, acts as a γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor antagonist.
S2026	Ginkgolide A Ginkgolide A is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist with a K_i of 14.5 μM.	Cell Rep, 2020, 21;31(3):107521
S4587	Pentylenetetrazol Pentylenetetrazol displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GABA(A) receptor antagonist.
S6008	p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, which can be found in the orchids Gastrodia elata, Galeola faberi and vanilla, is a hydroxybenzaldehyde that reacts with NAD+ and H2O to produce 4-hydroxybenzoate, NADH, and 2 protons.
S9065	Songorine Songorine, a ubiquitous alkaloid in the genus Aconitum, is a novel antagonist of the GABAA receptor in rat brain and has antiarrhythmic, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, regenerative and CNS-modulating properties.
S4197	Bemegride Bemegride is a central nervous system stimulant and antidote for barbiturate poisoning.
S5049	Thiocolchicoside Thiocolchicoside is a natural occuring glycoside originated from the flower seeds of superba gloriosa with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties as well as pronounced convulsant activity. It is also an antagonist of GABAA receptor.
S6094	Imidazole-4(5)-acetic Acid Hydrochloride Imidazole-4(5)-acetic Acid Hydrochloride is a competitive antagonist at GABAC receptors.
S9176	Pimpinellin Pimpinellin is a furocoumarin that acts as antagonist of proteins with GABA receptor activity.

製品コード	製品説明	文献中Selleckの製品使用例	お客様のフィードバック
S1338	Gabapentin HCl Gabapentin HCl is a GABA analogue, used to treat seizures and neuropathic pain.
S1329	Etomidate Etomidate is a GABAA receptor agonist, used as a short-acting anaesthetic agent or sedative.
S2133	Gabapentin Gabapentin is a GABA analogue, used to treat seizures and neuropathic pain.	Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2018, 11(12):5536-5546
S3072	(R)-baclofen (R)-baclofen is a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid primarily used to treat spasticity.
S4574	Piperazine Piperazine, GABA receptor agonist, is an anthelmintic used in the treatment of the intestinal nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis.
S4840	Baclofen Baclofen is a gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) derivative used as a skeletal muscle relaxant and central nervous system depressant. It activates GABA receptors, specifically the GABAB receptors.
S3634	6-Hydroxyflavone (6-HF) 6-Hydroxyflavone, a naturally occurring flavonoid, binds to GABAA receptors with moderate affinity and acts as a partial agonist of GABAA receptors.
S4892	Phenibut Phenibut, a GABA analogue, is a central nervous system depressant with anxiolytic and sedative effects.
S2269	Baicalin Baicalin is a known prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor and affects the GABA receptors.	Reprod Fertil Dev, 2019, 31(5):983-992 J Nutr Biochem, 2013, 24(11):1953-62
S4961	3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid 3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMCA) is one of the constituents of Polygalae Radix and may exert anti-seizure activity by acting at the GABAA/BZ receptor complex.
S3786	Glabridin Glabridin, one of the active phytochemicals in licorice extract, binds to and activates the ligand binding domain of PPARγ, as well as the full length receptor. It is also a GABAA receptor positive modulator promoting fatty acid oxidation and improving learning and memory.
S2399	Dihydromyricetin Dihydromyricetin (Ampelopsin, Ampeloptin) is a natural antioxidant flavonoid from Ampelopsis grossedentata.	Cell Signal, 2020, 65:109431 Fundam Clin Pharmacol, 2016, 30(6):596-606 Oncotarget, 2016, 10.18632/oncotarget.10836	ADH and ALDH expressions in 40% ethanol loaded mice for three hours. Group 1, 500 lM taraxerone; Group 2, 1 mM taraxerone; Group 3, 3 mM DHM (positive control); Group 4, DMSO (control); Group 5, saline. Taraxerone and DHM were dissolved in DMSO, and all treated samples (ethanol, taraxerone, DHM, DMSO, and saline) were administered orally (5 mL/kg body weight). The same letters denote significant differences at p < 0.05, and the error bar represents standard deviation.
S3663	Afloqualone Afloqualone (AFQ) is a quinazolinone family GABAergic drug with muscle-relaxant and sedative effects, showing the agonist activity at the β subtype of the GABAa receptor.
S4270	Oxiracetam Oxiracetam, a cyclic derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is used as a nootropic drug to improve memory and learning.
S4700	4-Aminobutyric acid Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter with central nervous system (CNS) inhibitory activity.
S3748	Acamprosate Calcium Acamprosate, calcium acetylhomotaurinate, is a synthetic compound with a chemical structure similar to the amino acid neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the amino acid neuromodulator taurine.
S5612	Isonipecotic acid Isonipecotic acid is a heterocyclic compound that mainly acts as a GABAA receptor partial agonist.

製品コード	製品説明	文献中Selleckの製品使用例
S6755^新	NS 11394 NS11394 is a subtype-selective positive allosteric modulator at GABAA receptors, with selectivity for the α3 and α5 subtypes.
S6611^新	Cyclothiazide Cyclothiazide is a positive allosteric modulator of ionotropic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors with critical roles in neurological development and function.	Cell Death Dis, 2020, 24;11(1):63 Eur J Med Chem, 2020, 15;192:112199 Int J Biol Sci, 2020, 25;16(11):1774-1784
S5131	Homotaurine Homotaurine is a synthetic organic compound that has GABAergic activity by mimicking GABA. It is a GABAA partial agonist as well as a GABAB receptor partial agonist with low efficacy.
S3959	(+)-Borneol (+)-Borneol is one of enantiomers of borneol which is a valuable medical material, senior aromatic spice, and chemical material and has been used in food and also folk medicine.
S5596	(1S)-(-)-α-Pinene α-Pinene is found in the oils of many species of many coniferous trees, notably the pine and has insecticidal activity.
S5805	Allopregnanolone Allopregnanolone, a neurosteroid synthesized from progesterone in brain, acts as a highly potent positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor.
S9409	Kavain Kavain, the main kavalactone found mostly in the roots of the kava plant, has anticonvulsive properties, attenuating vascular smooth muscle contraction through interactions with voltage-dependent Na+ and Ca2+ channels.
S3977	(-)-Borneol (-)-Borneol, one of enantiomers of borneol, has a camphoraceous and evident woody odor.