Mitophagy

阻害剤の選択性比較

カタログ番号	製品カタログ	溶解度(25°C)
カタログ番号	製品カタログ	水	DMSO	アルコール
S1102	U0126-EtOH	<1 mg/mL	85 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S2767	3-Methyladenine (3-MA)	10 mg/mL	3 mg/mL	4 mg/mL
S7046	Brefeldin A	<1 mg/mL	4 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S1759	Pitavastatin Calcium	<1 mg/mL	51 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S7162	Mdivi-1	<1 mg/mL	70 mg/mL	'<1 mg/mL
S9424	Liensinine diperchlorate	-1 mg/mL	50 mg/mL	-1 mg/mL
S1060	Olaparib (AZD2281)	0.002 mg/mL	86 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S1002	ABT-737	<1 mg/mL	100 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S1378	Ruxolitinib (INCB018424)	<1 mg/mL	61 mg/mL	61 mg/mL
S1042	Sunitinib Malate	<1 mg/mL	15 mg/mL	'<1 mg/mL
S1076	SB203580	<1 mg/mL	43 mg/mL	'<1 mg/mL
S5958	Metformin	26 mg/mL	26 mg/mL	''26 mg/mL
S0881	Mitochonic acid 5	<1 mg/mL	25 mg/mL	'''<1 mg/mL
S1208	Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) HCl	20 mg/mL	100 mg/mL	''<1 mg/mL
S1141	Tanespimycin (17-AAG)	<1 mg/mL	100 mg/mL	''5 mg/mL
S2218	Torkinib (PP242)	<1 mg/mL	61 mg/mL	18 mg/mL
S1225	Etoposide	<1 mg/mL	100 mg/mL	'<1 mg/mL
S2730	Crenolanib (CP-868596)	<1 mg/mL	88 mg/mL	7 mg/mL
S1950	Metformin HCl	33 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL	'<1 mg/mL
S1802	AICAR (Acadesine)	<1 mg/mL	51 mg/mL	'<1 mg/mL
S1396	Resveratrol	<1 mg/mL	45 mg/mL	'<1 mg/mL
S1322	Dexamethasone	<1 mg/mL	79 mg/mL	''6 mg/mL
S1792	Simvastatin	<1 mg/mL	83 mg/mL	'83 mg/mL
S1168	Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium valproate)	33 mg/mL	33 mg/mL	33 mg/mL
S1290	Celastrol	<1 mg/mL	90 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S1351	Ivermectin	<1 mg/mL	100 mg/mL	28 mg/mL
S1204	Melatonin	<1 mg/mL	47 mg/mL	'47 mg/mL
S3017	Aspirin	<1 mg/mL	36 mg/mL	'36 mg/mL
S5312	Urolithin A	<1 mg/mL	45 mg/mL	<1 mg/mL
S5243	Ruxolitinib Phosphate	29 mg/mL	80 mg/mL	8 mg/mL
S2391	Quercetin	<1 mg/mL	61 mg/mL	10 mg/mL
S2348	Rotenone (Barbasco)	<1 mg/mL	55 mg/mL	2 mg/mL
S2396	Salidroside	60 mg/mL	60 mg/mL	4 mg/mL

Mitophagy製品

All (34) Mitophagy阻害剤(6) Mitophagy活性剤(27) Mitophagyモジュレータ(1)

製品コード	製品説明	文献中Selleckの製品使用例	お客様のフィードバック
S1102	U0126-EtOH U0126-EtOH is a highly selective inhibitor of MEK1/2 with IC50 of 0.07 μM/0.06 μM in cell-free assays, 100-fold higher affinity for ΔN3-S218E/S222D MEK than PD98059. U0126 inhibits autophagy and mitophagy with antiviral activity.	Theranostics, 2021, 11(3):996-1015 ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13(1):97-111 Cell Death Dis, 2021, 12(2):203	Cells were stimulated with TPA (10 nM) for 15 min in the presence of the indicated concentrations of U0126. Samples were collected and analyzed by Western blot to detect phosphorylated p42/p44 MAPK.
S2767	3-Methyladenine (3-MA) 3-Methyladenine (3-MA, NSC 66389) is a selective PI3K inhibitor for Vps34 and PI3Kγ with IC50 of 25 μM and 60 μM in HeLa cells; blocks class I PI3K consistently, whereas suppression of class III PI3K is transient, and also blocks autophagosome formation. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is successfully used to suppress mitophagy. Solutions of 3-MA are best fresh-prepared by heating.	Autophagy, 2021, 1-23 Biomaterials, 2021, 271:120720 J Hematol Oncol, 2021, 14(1):9	granulosa cells (GCs) with 24 h of melatonin (10 μM) treatment were rinsed in PBS, and then exposed to H2O2 (200 μM) for 2 h. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (10 mM), or the apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (50 μM) were added 1 h prior to H2O2 incubation. Cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Data represent mean ± S.E; n = 3 in each group. P < 0.05 (*P < 0.01) vs. vehicle group at 0 h. # Represents P < 0.05 (## Represents P < 0.01) vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. & Represents P > 0.05 vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. N, not significant, P > 0.05. δ Represents P < 0.05 (δδ Represents P < 0.01) vs. Z-VAD-FMK-treated cells.
S7046	Brefeldin A Brefeldin A is a lactone antibiotic and ATPase inhibitor for protein transport with IC50 of 0.2 μM in HCT 116 cells, induces cancer cell differentiation and apoptosis. It could also improve the HDR(homology-directed repair) efficiency and be an enhancer of CRISPR-mediated HDR. Brefeldin A is also an inhibitor of autophagy and mitophagy.	Nat Biomed Eng, 2021, 10.1038/s41551-020-00675-9 Micromachines (Basel), 2021, 12(2)112 Cell Host Microbe, 2020, 11;27(3):476-485 e7	Cells were treated with brefeldin A or manumycin A, and the resulting supernatant was collected after 48 h for exosomal preparation (lanes 1 and 2), or exosomes obtained from C81 cells were trypsin-treated or freeze/thawed (F/T) and then trypsin-treated (lanes 3 and 4). Lanes 5 and 6, input exosome controls from C81 or CEM cells, respectively. Resulting exosomes were assayed for the presence of Tax by Western blotting.
S1759	Pitavastatin Calcium Pitavastatin Calcium (NK-104, P-872441, itavastatin, nisvastatin), a novel member of the medication class of statins, is a calcium salt formulation of pitavastatin which is a highly effective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin Calcium attenuates AGEs-induced mitophagy via inhibition of ROS generation. Pitavastatin Calcium induces autophagy and apoptosis.	Nat Biotechnol, 2021, 10.1038/s41587-021-00860-4 Mol Cell, 2021, S1097-2765(21)00087-3 Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1):959	Western blotting showed that in U87 cells treated with pitavastatin, the LC3-II isoform dramatically increased after statin treatment and showed at day 2, 3 and 4.
S7162	Mdivi-1 Mdivi-1 (Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1) is a selective cell-permeable inhibitor of mitochondrial division DRP1 (dynamin-related GTPase) and mitochondrial division Dynamin I (Dnm1) with IC50 of 1-10 μM. Mdivi-1 attenuates mitophagy and enhances apoptosis.	Free Radic Biol Med, 2021, S0891-5849(21)00198-2 Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(4)698 Cell Death Dis, 2021, 12(2):216	a Representative TUNEL/DAPI photomicrographs of ipsilateral cortex in different groups (scale bar = 100 μm).
S9424	Liensinine diperchlorate Liensinine, a major isoquinoline alkaloid, inhibits late-stage autophagy/mitophagy through blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion. It is a novel autophagy/mitophagy inhibitor.
S1060	Olaparib (AZD2281) Olaparib (AZD2281, KU0059436) is a selective inhibitor of PARP1/2 with IC50 of 5 nM/1 nM in cell-free assays, 300-times less effective against tankyrase-1. Olaparib induces significant autophagy that is associated with mitophagy in cells with BRCA mutations.	Mol Cell, 2021, 81(2):340-354.e5 Sci Adv, 2021, 7(11)eabe9446 Nucleic Acids Res, 2021, gkaa1290	Role of PARP and BER in the synergy between PTX and GMX in A549 cells. A) Cells were pre-treated +/- 1 uM olaparib (2h) then sequentially +/- 150nM PTX (24h) then +/- GMX 12nM (48h). Cells were harvested for (left) NAD+ quantification by LC-MS/MS (mean +/-SD of quadruplicates) or (right) viability by CellTiter-Glo (mean +/-SD of duplicates) B) PAR modification of proteins and γ-H2AX levels were measured in extracts treated as in A) by western blotting.
S1002	ABT-737 ABT-737 is a BH3 mimetic inhibitor of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w with EC50 of 78.7 nM, 30.3 nM and 197.8 nM in cell-free assays, respectively; no inhibition observed against Mcl-1, Bcl-B or Bfl-1. ABT-737 induces mitochondrial pathway apoptosis and mitophagy. Phase 2.	Adv Biol Regul, 2021, S2212-4926(20)30091-9 Commun Biol, 2021, 4(1):20 ACS Nano, 2020, 14(3):3378-3388	Cardiomyocytes transduced with or without Ad-Mst1 were treated with ABT-737 (0, 0.1, 1, 10 uM) for 12 hours. Representative immunoblots with antibodies to p62/SQSTM1, LC3 and GAPDH are shown.
S1378	Ruxolitinib (INCB018424) Ruxolitinib (INCB018424) is the first potent, selective, JAK1/2 inhibitor to enter the clinic with IC50 of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM in cell-free assays, >130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 versus JAK3. Ruxolitinib kills tumor cells through toxic mitophagy. Ruxolitinib induces autophagy and enhances apoptosis.	Cell Rep, 2021, 34(11):108870 Cell Rep, 2021, 34(3):108627 Cancer Lett, 2021, 507:26-38	STAT3 phosphorylation as determined by phospho flow, mixed lymphocyte reactions containing BALB/c spleen-derived CD4+ T cells co-cultured with or without C57BL/6 BM-derived DC preactivated with 20 ng/mL LPS.
S1042	Sunitinib Malate Sunitinib Malate (SU 11248) is a multi-targeted RTK inhibitor targeting VEGFR2 (Flk-1) and PDGFRβ with IC50 of 80 nM and 2 nM in cell-free assays, and also inhibits c-Kit. Sunitinib Malate effectively inhibits autophosphorylation of Ire1α. Sunitinib Malate increases both death receptor and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis.	Adv Sci (Weinh), 2021, 8(2):2001596 Blood Cancer J, 2021, 11(3):57 Front Oncol, 2021, 11:648097	Sunitinib decreases FLT-3 and RET phosphor ylation but increases ERK phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. H295R and SW13 cells were treated with sunitinib (10 nM) for various time points as indi-cated. Cell lysates were prepared and phospho-FLT-3, RET, and ERK levels were monitored by Western Blot-ting. Re-probing against FLT-3, RET, and ERK was done to ensure equal protein loading.
S1076	SB203580 SB203580 (RWJ 64809, PB 203580) is a p38 MAPK inhibitor with IC50 of 0.3-0.5 μM in THP-1 cells, 10-fold less sensitive to SAPK3(106T) and SAPK4(106T) and blocks PKB phosphorylation with IC50 of 3-5 μM. SB203580 induces mitophagy and autophagy.	Theranostics, 2021, 11(10):4770-4789 Cardiovasc Res, 2021, cvab107 Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(4)831	A, effects of p38 inhibitor SB203580 (1, 5, and 10 μM) on SRP72 protein expression was evaluated by WB using antibodies against human SRP72,SRP54, and GAPDH. A decreased intensity of SRP72 bands was noted when using the inhibitor at 5 μM concentration at 240 min (lane 6) and 10 μM at 120 and 240 min (lanes 8 and 9). B, results were analyzed and RUA illustrated, finding significant results at 5 μM, 240 versus 0 min, and 10 μM, 240 versus 0 and 120 versus 0 min, respectively, (p<0.05).
S5958^新	Metformin Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide), a widely used drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in hepatocytes. Metformin promotes mitophagy in mononuclear cells. Metformin induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through activating JNK/p38 MAPK pathway and GADD153.
S0881^新	Mitochonic acid 5 Mitochonic acid 5 (MA-5) reduces mitochondrial apoptosis via upregulation of mitophagy. Mitochonic acid 5 regulates mitophagy via Bnip3 through the MAPK-ERK-Yap signaling pathway. Mitochonic acid 5 modulates mitochondrial ATP synthesis.	Neural Regen Res, 2021, 16(9):1813-1820 Neural Regen Res, 2021, 16(9):1813-1820
S1208	Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) HCl Doxorubicin (Adriamycin, NSC 123127, DOX, Hydroxydaunorubicin) HCl is an antibiotic agent that inhibits DNA topoisomerase II and induces DNA damage, mitophagy and apoptosis in tumor cells. Doxorubicin reduces basal phosphorylation of AMPK. Doxorubicin is used in the concomitant treatment of HIV-infected patients but is found to be at high risk of HBV reactivation.	Biomaterials, 2021, 272:120770 Biomaterials, 2021, 271:120720 Theranostics, 2021, 11(9):4281-4297	Cell viabilities with increasing concentrations of cisplatin (CP) and doxorubicin (DOXO) under normoxic and hypoxic condition for 48 hours were determined by MTT assay. IC50 values are presented as the means ?SDs (n=4) and * denotes p<0.05.
S1141	Tanespimycin (17-AAG) Tanespimycin (17-AAG, CP127374, NSC-330507, KOS 953) is a potent HSP90 inhibitor with IC50 of 5 nM in a cell-free assay, having a 100-fold higher binding affinity for HSP90 derived from tumour cells than HSP90 from normal cells. Tanespimycin (17-AAG) induces apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and mitophagy. Phase 3.	Mol Cell, 2021, 81(6):1170-1186.e10 EMBO Rep, 2021, e51740 Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(5)2538	SKBR3 cells were treated with FW-04-806 at 10, 20, 40 uM for 24 h; 17AAG was used as a positive control at 1 and 2 uM. Hsp70, Hsp90, and Cdc37 protein level were analyzed with western blotting using relevant antibodies.
S2218	Torkinib (PP242) Torkinib (PP242) is a selective mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of 8 nM in cell-free assays; targets both mTOR complexes with >10- and 100-fold selectivity for mTOR than PI3Kδ or PI3Kα/β/γ, respectively. Torkinib (PP242) induces mitophagy and apoptosis.	Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1):7300 Cancer Cell Int, 2021, 21(1):42 Sci Adv, 2020, 6(33):eabb8771	Synergistic effect of BMS-777607 with mTOR inhibitors in reduction of CSCs^+24/44/ESA viability. CSCs^+24/44/ESA at 5,000 cells per well with stem cell culture media in triplicate in an ultra-low adhesion plate were treated with 5 umol/L BMS-777607, 1 umol/L AZD8055, 1 umol/L RAD001, and 1 umol/L PP242 alone, or in their different combinations. Cells were cultured for 72 hours. Percentages of polyploid cells were determined by counting 300 cells from two different regions. Results shown here were from one of two experiments with similar results.
S1225	Etoposide Etoposide (VP-16, VP-16213) is a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin, which inhibits DNA synthesis via topoisomerase II inhibition activity. Etoposide induces autophagy, mitophagy and apoptosis.	J Extracell Vesicles, 2021, 10(5):e12078 Nat Commun, 2021, 12(1):1747 Cell Death Dis, 2021, 12(2):183	Cellular biomarker responses in HT29 cells exposed to various cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents in combination with the Chk1 inhibitor V158411. HT29 cells were exposed to the combination GI80 of gemcitabine (0.2 uM), camptothecin (0.44 uM), cisplatin (68 uM), oxaliplatin (131 uM), doxorubicin (1.2 uM) or etoposide (59 uM) for 18 hours followed by DMSO (-) or 400 nM V158411 (+) for a further 24 hours. Protein expression was characterized by immunoblotting.
S2730	Crenolanib (CP-868596) Crenolanib (CP-868596, ARO 002) is a potent and selective inhibitor of PDGFRα/β with K_d of 2.1 nM/3.2 nM in CHO cells, also potently inhibits FLT3, sensitive to D842V mutation not V561D mutation, >100-fold more selective for PDGFR than c-Kit, VEGFR-2, TIE-2, FGFR-2, EGFR, erbB2, and Src. Crenolanib helps to induce mitophagy.	Stem Cell Rev Rep, 2021, 10.1007/s12015-021-10156-4 Nature, 2020, 584(7822):608-613 Nature, 2020, 584(7822):608-613	Western blot analysis using 4G10 and anti-FLT3 antibody after immunoprecipitation with anti-FLT3 antibody and Western blot analysis of phospho-ERK (pERK) and ERK performed on whole cell lysates from HB119 and Molm14 cells. Cells were exposed to 100 nM crenolanib for 60 min.
S1950	Metformin HCl Metformin HCl (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide HCl) decreases hyperglycemia in hepatocytes primarily by suppressing glucose production by the liver (hepatic gluconeogenesis). Metformin promotes mitophagy in mononuclear cells. Metformin induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through activating JNK/p38 MAPK pathway and GADD153.	Autophagy, 2021, 1-22 Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2021, 9:627877 Mol Cell, 2020, S1097-2765(20)30786-3	Cropped immunoblot analyses for downstream effector proteins of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways for NRASQ61 mutant lung carcinoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. Dual pathway inhibition can be achieved by combining metformin and trametinib, as evidenced by the abolishment of p-ERK and p-S6.
S1802	AICAR (Acadesine) AICAR (Acadesine, NSC105823, AICA Riboside), an AMPK activator, results in accumulation of ZMP, which mimics the stimulating effect of AMP on AMPK and AMPK kinase. AICAR (Acadesine) induces mitophagy. Phase 3.	Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2021, 2021:7467156 J Cell Physiol, 2021, 10.1002/jcp.30319 Cancer Biol Med, 2021, j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0262	Cultured hepatocytes were treated with 10 μM Compound C (Comp.C) for 30 min before treatment with 10 μM SAL, 1 mM AICAR for 3 h. Cell lysates were immunoblotted for the phosphorylation of AMPK, ACC, Akt and GSK3β. P < 0.05, *P < 0.01 versus control; ##P < 0.01 versus SAL alone; †P < 0.05, ††P < 0.01 versus AICAR alone. Values are means ± SEM (n = 4).
S1396	Resveratrol Resveratrol (trans-Resveratrol, SRT501) has a wide spectrum of targets including cyclooxygenases(i.e. COX, IC50=1.1 μM), lipooxygenases（LOX, IC50=2.7 μM）, kinases, sirtuins and other proteins. It has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, blood-sugar-lowering and other beneficial cardiovascular effects. Resveratrol induces mitophagy/autophagy and autophagy-dependent apoptosis.	Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(5)2354 Adv Biol Regul, 2021, S2212-4926(20)30091-9 Nanotheranostics, 2021, 5(1):113-124	Cellular senescence and SIRT1 phosphorylation was monitored in PAECs (P2) incubated in DMEM containing HDL (50 mg/L), LDL (50 mg/L), or resveratrol (100 μM) for 24 hours.
S1322	Dexamethasone Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol, Prednisolone F) is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid drugs, and an interleukin receptor modulator that has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. Dexamethasone induces autophagy and mitophagy. Dexamethasone is tested in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and is found to have benefits for critically ill patients.	J Cell Mol Med, 2021, 10.1111/jcmm.16074 J Cell Mol Med, 2021, 25(5):2404-2417 Food Funct, 2021, 10.1039/d0fo02387f	Dexamethasone and largazole cooperate to suppress invasion and to restore E-cadherin localization to the cell peripher y. ( a) Phase contrast micrographs showing morphological changes in MDA-MB-231 cells induced by E-cadherin expression combined with 100 nM dexamethasone and 10 nM largazole treatments. Insets show the cells at higher magnification. (b ) Fluorescence (E-Cad-GFP) or immunofluorescence microscopy (g -catenin (g-Cat.)) of 231/E-Cad-GFP cells treated for 72 h with vehicle (Control), 100 n M dexamethasone, 10 nM largazole or 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole (Dex. + Larg.). (c ) Invasion assays were per formed with the indicated cell lines treated for 72 h with or without 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole using modified Boyden chambers impregnated with matrigel. The results are presented as the average number of cells that invaded through the membrane per field s.d. of five randomly chosen fields, and are representative of three independently per formed experiments.
S1792	Simvastatin Simvastatin (MK-0733, MK 733) is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with K_i of 0.1-0.2 nM in cell-free assays. Simvastatin induces ferroptosis, mitophagy, autophagy and apoptosis.	Nat Biotechnol, 2021, 10.1038/s41587-021-00860-4 Theranostics, 2021, 11(4):1609-1625 Mol Metab, 2021, S2212-8778(21)00075-2	Statin-Related Inhibition of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS) Uptake by SLCO2B1 in Prostate Cancer (PC) Cells. B, Uptake of DHEAS in PC cells with 2.5 µM DHEAS and different concentrations of statins when incubated for 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing each condition with the DHEAS 2.5 µM and no statin state except when indicated. C, Uptake of DHEAS in PC cells before (scrambled short hairpin RNA) and after (short hairpin RNA 2B1) SLCO2B1 is knocked down when incubated with 2.5 μM DHEAS and 100 μM atorvastatin for 10 and 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing each condition with scrambled short hairpin RNA after 10 minutes with DHEAS except when indicated. P = .02 for the comparison between scrambled short hairpin RNA with 10 vs 60 minutes of DHEAS incubation for LNCaP and .01 for 22RV1. Other P values are indicated in the figure. Bars indicate means and error bars indicate standard deviation.
S1168	Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium valproate) Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium valproate) is a HDAC inhibitor by selectively inducing proteasomal degradation of HDAC2, used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches. Valproic acid induces Notch1 signaling in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid is under investigation for treatment of HIV and various cancers. Valproic acid (VPA) induces autophagy and mitophagy by upregulation of BNIP3 and mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulating PGC-1α.	Sci China Life Sci, 2021, 10.1007/s11427-020-1855-4 Reprod Sci, 2021, 10.1007/s43032-021-00533-2 Mol Med Rep, 2021, 23(1)9	Western blot analysis of Acetylated Histone and Histone. 0-10μM sodium valproate was added.
S1290	Celastrol Celastrol (Tripterine) is a potent proteasome inhibitor for the chymotrypsin-like activity of a purified 20S proteasome with IC50 of 2.5 μM. Celastrol induces apoptosis and autophagy via the ROS/JNK signaling pathway. Celastrol inhibits dopaminergic neuronal death of Parkinson's disease through activating mitophagy.	Cancer Sci, 2020, 112(1):133-143 Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2018, 315(4):F954-F966 Eur J Med Chem, 2017, 136:63-73	SK-BR-3, A549, HCT-116 and BT-474 cells were incubated with or without X66 for 1 h before exposed to GM, celastrol or MG132 for 8 h. Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot with indicated antibodies.
S1351	Ivermectin Ivermectin (MK-933, IVM) is a glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCls) activator, used as a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug. Ivermectin (MK-933, IVM) is a specific positive allosteric effector of P2X4 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Ivermectin has potent antiviral activity towards both HIV-1 and dengue virus. Ivermectin induces autophagy through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and mitophagy.	Nat Cell Biol, 2020, Blood Cancer J, 2020, 10(6):72 Cancers (Basel), 2020, 12(9)E2668
S1204	Melatonin Melatonin (N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a MT receptor agonist, used as a dietary supplement. Melatonin is a selective ATF-6 inhibitor and downregulates COX-2. Melatonin enhances mitophagy and regulates the homeostasis of apoptosis and autophagy.	J Pineal Res, 2021, 70(3):e12725 Front Oncol, 2020, 10:543591 Cell Cycle, 2020, 10.1080/15384101.2020.1810401	TUNEL staining of treated adipocytes and flow cytometry analysis of positive TUNEL cells (n=3).
S3017	Aspirin Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) is a salicylate, and irreversible COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, used as an analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an anti-inflammatory medication. Aspirin induces autophagy and stimulates mitophagy.	Int Immunopharmacol, 2021, 95:107558 Immunity, 2020, 52(2):328-341 PLoS Pathog, 2020, 16;16(3):e1008341
S5312	Urolithin A Urolithin A (3,8-Dihydroxy Urolithin, 2',7-Dihydroxy-3,4-benzocoumarin), a metabolite of ellagitannin, is a first-in-class natural compound that induces mitophagy both in vitro and in vivo following oral consumption.
S5243	Ruxolitinib Phosphate Ruxolitinib Phosphate (INCB018424, INC424) is the phosphate salt form of Ruxolitinib. Ruxolitinib is the first potent, selective, JAK1/2 inhibitor to enter the clinic with IC50 of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM in cell-free assays, >130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 versus JAK3. Ruxolitinib kills tumor cells through toxic mitophagy. Ruxolitinib induces autophagy and enhances apoptosis.	Br J Cancer, 2021, 10.1038/s41416-021-01270-8 Neoplasia, 2021, 23(2):270-279 J Immunol, 2021, ji2000569
S3944	Valproic acid (VPA) Valproic acid (VPA, 2-Propylvaleric Acid, Sodium valproate) is a fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. It is also a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and is under investigation for treatment of HIV and various cancers. Valproic acid (VPA) induces autophagy and mitophagy by upregulation of BNIP3 and mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulating PGC-1α. Valproic acid activates Notch-1 signaling.	Sci China Life Sci, 2021, 10.1007/s11427-020-1855-4 STAR Protoc, 2021, 2(1):100346 Theranostics, 2020, 10(15):6790-6805
S2391	Quercetin Quercetin (Sophoretin), a natural flavonoid present in vegetables, fruit and wine, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2.4-5.4 μM. Quercetin induces mitophagy, apoptosis and protective autophagy. Phase 4.	Drug Des Devel Ther, 2021, 15:1075-1089 Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai), 2021, gmab037 Cell Res, 2020, 27;1-16	After starved in serum-free medium for 24h,A549 cells incubated with the indicated concentrations of Quercetin for 3h,followed by 20-minute stimolation of 100ng/ml EGF.
S2348	Rotenone (Barbasco) Rotenone (Barbasco, Dactinol, Paraderil, Rotenon, Rotocide) is a botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. Rotenone inhibits NADH/DB oxidoreductase and NADH oxidase with IC50 of 28.8 nM and 5.1 nM, respectively. Rotenone induces apoptosis through enhancing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production.	G3 (Bethesda), 2020, 4;10(5):1585-1597 Oncol Rep, 2020, 44(1):103-114 Biomed Pharmacother, 2020, 129:110460
S2396	Salidroside Salidroside (Rhodioloside), a phenylpropanoid glycoside isolated from Rhodiola rosea, has been reported to have a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties.	J Med Virol, 2019, 91(8):1440-1447

製品コード	製品説明	文献中Selleckの製品使用例	お客様のフィードバック
S1102	U0126-EtOH U0126-EtOH is a highly selective inhibitor of MEK1/2 with IC50 of 0.07 μM/0.06 μM in cell-free assays, 100-fold higher affinity for ΔN3-S218E/S222D MEK than PD98059. U0126 inhibits autophagy and mitophagy with antiviral activity.	Theranostics, 2021, 11(3):996-1015 ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13(1):97-111 Cell Death Dis, 2021, 12(2):203	Cells were stimulated with TPA (10 nM) for 15 min in the presence of the indicated concentrations of U0126. Samples were collected and analyzed by Western blot to detect phosphorylated p42/p44 MAPK.
S2767	3-Methyladenine (3-MA) 3-Methyladenine (3-MA, NSC 66389) is a selective PI3K inhibitor for Vps34 and PI3Kγ with IC50 of 25 μM and 60 μM in HeLa cells; blocks class I PI3K consistently, whereas suppression of class III PI3K is transient, and also blocks autophagosome formation. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is successfully used to suppress mitophagy. Solutions of 3-MA are best fresh-prepared by heating.	Autophagy, 2021, 1-23 Biomaterials, 2021, 271:120720 J Hematol Oncol, 2021, 14(1):9	granulosa cells (GCs) with 24 h of melatonin (10 μM) treatment were rinsed in PBS, and then exposed to H2O2 (200 μM) for 2 h. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (10 mM), or the apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (50 μM) were added 1 h prior to H2O2 incubation. Cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Data represent mean ± S.E; n = 3 in each group. P < 0.05 (*P < 0.01) vs. vehicle group at 0 h. # Represents P < 0.05 (## Represents P < 0.01) vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. & Represents P > 0.05 vs. H2O2-only-treated cells. N, not significant, P > 0.05. δ Represents P < 0.05 (δδ Represents P < 0.01) vs. Z-VAD-FMK-treated cells.
S7046	Brefeldin A Brefeldin A is a lactone antibiotic and ATPase inhibitor for protein transport with IC50 of 0.2 μM in HCT 116 cells, induces cancer cell differentiation and apoptosis. It could also improve the HDR(homology-directed repair) efficiency and be an enhancer of CRISPR-mediated HDR. Brefeldin A is also an inhibitor of autophagy and mitophagy.	Nat Biomed Eng, 2021, 10.1038/s41551-020-00675-9 Micromachines (Basel), 2021, 12(2)112 Cell Host Microbe, 2020, 11;27(3):476-485 e7	Cells were treated with brefeldin A or manumycin A, and the resulting supernatant was collected after 48 h for exosomal preparation (lanes 1 and 2), or exosomes obtained from C81 cells were trypsin-treated or freeze/thawed (F/T) and then trypsin-treated (lanes 3 and 4). Lanes 5 and 6, input exosome controls from C81 or CEM cells, respectively. Resulting exosomes were assayed for the presence of Tax by Western blotting.
S1759	Pitavastatin Calcium Pitavastatin Calcium (NK-104, P-872441, itavastatin, nisvastatin), a novel member of the medication class of statins, is a calcium salt formulation of pitavastatin which is a highly effective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin Calcium attenuates AGEs-induced mitophagy via inhibition of ROS generation. Pitavastatin Calcium induces autophagy and apoptosis.	Nat Biotechnol, 2021, 10.1038/s41587-021-00860-4 Mol Cell, 2021, S1097-2765(21)00087-3 Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1):959	Western blotting showed that in U87 cells treated with pitavastatin, the LC3-II isoform dramatically increased after statin treatment and showed at day 2, 3 and 4.
S7162	Mdivi-1 Mdivi-1 (Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1) is a selective cell-permeable inhibitor of mitochondrial division DRP1 (dynamin-related GTPase) and mitochondrial division Dynamin I (Dnm1) with IC50 of 1-10 μM. Mdivi-1 attenuates mitophagy and enhances apoptosis.	Free Radic Biol Med, 2021, S0891-5849(21)00198-2 Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(4)698 Cell Death Dis, 2021, 12(2):216	a Representative TUNEL/DAPI photomicrographs of ipsilateral cortex in different groups (scale bar = 100 μm).
S9424	Liensinine diperchlorate Liensinine, a major isoquinoline alkaloid, inhibits late-stage autophagy/mitophagy through blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion. It is a novel autophagy/mitophagy inhibitor.

製品コード	製品説明	文献中Selleckの製品使用例	お客様のフィードバック
S1060	Olaparib (AZD2281) Olaparib (AZD2281, KU0059436) is a selective inhibitor of PARP1/2 with IC50 of 5 nM/1 nM in cell-free assays, 300-times less effective against tankyrase-1. Olaparib induces significant autophagy that is associated with mitophagy in cells with BRCA mutations.	Mol Cell, 2021, 81(2):340-354.e5 Sci Adv, 2021, 7(11)eabe9446 Nucleic Acids Res, 2021, gkaa1290	Role of PARP and BER in the synergy between PTX and GMX in A549 cells. A) Cells were pre-treated +/- 1 uM olaparib (2h) then sequentially +/- 150nM PTX (24h) then +/- GMX 12nM (48h). Cells were harvested for (left) NAD+ quantification by LC-MS/MS (mean +/-SD of quadruplicates) or (right) viability by CellTiter-Glo (mean +/-SD of duplicates) B) PAR modification of proteins and γ-H2AX levels were measured in extracts treated as in A) by western blotting.
S1002	ABT-737 ABT-737 is a BH3 mimetic inhibitor of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w with EC50 of 78.7 nM, 30.3 nM and 197.8 nM in cell-free assays, respectively; no inhibition observed against Mcl-1, Bcl-B or Bfl-1. ABT-737 induces mitochondrial pathway apoptosis and mitophagy. Phase 2.	Adv Biol Regul, 2021, S2212-4926(20)30091-9 Commun Biol, 2021, 4(1):20 ACS Nano, 2020, 14(3):3378-3388	Cardiomyocytes transduced with or without Ad-Mst1 were treated with ABT-737 (0, 0.1, 1, 10 uM) for 12 hours. Representative immunoblots with antibodies to p62/SQSTM1, LC3 and GAPDH are shown.
S1378	Ruxolitinib (INCB018424) Ruxolitinib (INCB018424) is the first potent, selective, JAK1/2 inhibitor to enter the clinic with IC50 of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM in cell-free assays, >130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 versus JAK3. Ruxolitinib kills tumor cells through toxic mitophagy. Ruxolitinib induces autophagy and enhances apoptosis.	Cell Rep, 2021, 34(11):108870 Cell Rep, 2021, 34(3):108627 Cancer Lett, 2021, 507:26-38	STAT3 phosphorylation as determined by phospho flow, mixed lymphocyte reactions containing BALB/c spleen-derived CD4+ T cells co-cultured with or without C57BL/6 BM-derived DC preactivated with 20 ng/mL LPS.
S1042	Sunitinib Malate Sunitinib Malate (SU 11248) is a multi-targeted RTK inhibitor targeting VEGFR2 (Flk-1) and PDGFRβ with IC50 of 80 nM and 2 nM in cell-free assays, and also inhibits c-Kit. Sunitinib Malate effectively inhibits autophosphorylation of Ire1α. Sunitinib Malate increases both death receptor and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis.	Adv Sci (Weinh), 2021, 8(2):2001596 Blood Cancer J, 2021, 11(3):57 Front Oncol, 2021, 11:648097	Sunitinib decreases FLT-3 and RET phosphor ylation but increases ERK phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. H295R and SW13 cells were treated with sunitinib (10 nM) for various time points as indi-cated. Cell lysates were prepared and phospho-FLT-3, RET, and ERK levels were monitored by Western Blot-ting. Re-probing against FLT-3, RET, and ERK was done to ensure equal protein loading.
S1076	SB203580 SB203580 (RWJ 64809, PB 203580) is a p38 MAPK inhibitor with IC50 of 0.3-0.5 μM in THP-1 cells, 10-fold less sensitive to SAPK3(106T) and SAPK4(106T) and blocks PKB phosphorylation with IC50 of 3-5 μM. SB203580 induces mitophagy and autophagy.	Theranostics, 2021, 11(10):4770-4789 Cardiovasc Res, 2021, cvab107 Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(4)831	A, effects of p38 inhibitor SB203580 (1, 5, and 10 μM) on SRP72 protein expression was evaluated by WB using antibodies against human SRP72,SRP54, and GAPDH. A decreased intensity of SRP72 bands was noted when using the inhibitor at 5 μM concentration at 240 min (lane 6) and 10 μM at 120 and 240 min (lanes 8 and 9). B, results were analyzed and RUA illustrated, finding significant results at 5 μM, 240 versus 0 min, and 10 μM, 240 versus 0 and 120 versus 0 min, respectively, (p<0.05).
S5958^新	Metformin Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide), a widely used drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in hepatocytes. Metformin promotes mitophagy in mononuclear cells. Metformin induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through activating JNK/p38 MAPK pathway and GADD153.
S0881^新	Mitochonic acid 5 Mitochonic acid 5 (MA-5) reduces mitochondrial apoptosis via upregulation of mitophagy. Mitochonic acid 5 regulates mitophagy via Bnip3 through the MAPK-ERK-Yap signaling pathway. Mitochonic acid 5 modulates mitochondrial ATP synthesis.	Neural Regen Res, 2021, 16(9):1813-1820 Neural Regen Res, 2021, 16(9):1813-1820
S1208	Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) HCl Doxorubicin (Adriamycin, NSC 123127, DOX, Hydroxydaunorubicin) HCl is an antibiotic agent that inhibits DNA topoisomerase II and induces DNA damage, mitophagy and apoptosis in tumor cells. Doxorubicin reduces basal phosphorylation of AMPK. Doxorubicin is used in the concomitant treatment of HIV-infected patients but is found to be at high risk of HBV reactivation.	Biomaterials, 2021, 272:120770 Biomaterials, 2021, 271:120720 Theranostics, 2021, 11(9):4281-4297	Cell viabilities with increasing concentrations of cisplatin (CP) and doxorubicin (DOXO) under normoxic and hypoxic condition for 48 hours were determined by MTT assay. IC50 values are presented as the means ?SDs (n=4) and * denotes p<0.05.
S1141	Tanespimycin (17-AAG) Tanespimycin (17-AAG, CP127374, NSC-330507, KOS 953) is a potent HSP90 inhibitor with IC50 of 5 nM in a cell-free assay, having a 100-fold higher binding affinity for HSP90 derived from tumour cells than HSP90 from normal cells. Tanespimycin (17-AAG) induces apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and mitophagy. Phase 3.	Mol Cell, 2021, 81(6):1170-1186.e10 EMBO Rep, 2021, e51740 Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(5)2538	SKBR3 cells were treated with FW-04-806 at 10, 20, 40 uM for 24 h; 17AAG was used as a positive control at 1 and 2 uM. Hsp70, Hsp90, and Cdc37 protein level were analyzed with western blotting using relevant antibodies.
S2218	Torkinib (PP242) Torkinib (PP242) is a selective mTOR inhibitor with IC50 of 8 nM in cell-free assays; targets both mTOR complexes with >10- and 100-fold selectivity for mTOR than PI3Kδ or PI3Kα/β/γ, respectively. Torkinib (PP242) induces mitophagy and apoptosis.	Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1):7300 Cancer Cell Int, 2021, 21(1):42 Sci Adv, 2020, 6(33):eabb8771	Synergistic effect of BMS-777607 with mTOR inhibitors in reduction of CSCs^+24/44/ESA viability. CSCs^+24/44/ESA at 5,000 cells per well with stem cell culture media in triplicate in an ultra-low adhesion plate were treated with 5 umol/L BMS-777607, 1 umol/L AZD8055, 1 umol/L RAD001, and 1 umol/L PP242 alone, or in their different combinations. Cells were cultured for 72 hours. Percentages of polyploid cells were determined by counting 300 cells from two different regions. Results shown here were from one of two experiments with similar results.
S1225	Etoposide Etoposide (VP-16, VP-16213) is a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin, which inhibits DNA synthesis via topoisomerase II inhibition activity. Etoposide induces autophagy, mitophagy and apoptosis.	J Extracell Vesicles, 2021, 10(5):e12078 Nat Commun, 2021, 12(1):1747 Cell Death Dis, 2021, 12(2):183	Cellular biomarker responses in HT29 cells exposed to various cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents in combination with the Chk1 inhibitor V158411. HT29 cells were exposed to the combination GI80 of gemcitabine (0.2 uM), camptothecin (0.44 uM), cisplatin (68 uM), oxaliplatin (131 uM), doxorubicin (1.2 uM) or etoposide (59 uM) for 18 hours followed by DMSO (-) or 400 nM V158411 (+) for a further 24 hours. Protein expression was characterized by immunoblotting.
S2730	Crenolanib (CP-868596) Crenolanib (CP-868596, ARO 002) is a potent and selective inhibitor of PDGFRα/β with K_d of 2.1 nM/3.2 nM in CHO cells, also potently inhibits FLT3, sensitive to D842V mutation not V561D mutation, >100-fold more selective for PDGFR than c-Kit, VEGFR-2, TIE-2, FGFR-2, EGFR, erbB2, and Src. Crenolanib helps to induce mitophagy.	Stem Cell Rev Rep, 2021, 10.1007/s12015-021-10156-4 Nature, 2020, 584(7822):608-613 Nature, 2020, 584(7822):608-613	Western blot analysis using 4G10 and anti-FLT3 antibody after immunoprecipitation with anti-FLT3 antibody and Western blot analysis of phospho-ERK (pERK) and ERK performed on whole cell lysates from HB119 and Molm14 cells. Cells were exposed to 100 nM crenolanib for 60 min.
S1950	Metformin HCl Metformin HCl (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide HCl) decreases hyperglycemia in hepatocytes primarily by suppressing glucose production by the liver (hepatic gluconeogenesis). Metformin promotes mitophagy in mononuclear cells. Metformin induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through activating JNK/p38 MAPK pathway and GADD153.	Autophagy, 2021, 1-22 Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2021, 9:627877 Mol Cell, 2020, S1097-2765(20)30786-3	Cropped immunoblot analyses for downstream effector proteins of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways for NRASQ61 mutant lung carcinoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. Dual pathway inhibition can be achieved by combining metformin and trametinib, as evidenced by the abolishment of p-ERK and p-S6.
S1802	AICAR (Acadesine) AICAR (Acadesine, NSC105823, AICA Riboside), an AMPK activator, results in accumulation of ZMP, which mimics the stimulating effect of AMP on AMPK and AMPK kinase. AICAR (Acadesine) induces mitophagy. Phase 3.	Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2021, 2021:7467156 J Cell Physiol, 2021, 10.1002/jcp.30319 Cancer Biol Med, 2021, j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0262	Cultured hepatocytes were treated with 10 μM Compound C (Comp.C) for 30 min before treatment with 10 μM SAL, 1 mM AICAR for 3 h. Cell lysates were immunoblotted for the phosphorylation of AMPK, ACC, Akt and GSK3β. P < 0.05, *P < 0.01 versus control; ##P < 0.01 versus SAL alone; †P < 0.05, ††P < 0.01 versus AICAR alone. Values are means ± SEM (n = 4).
S1396	Resveratrol Resveratrol (trans-Resveratrol, SRT501) has a wide spectrum of targets including cyclooxygenases(i.e. COX, IC50=1.1 μM), lipooxygenases（LOX, IC50=2.7 μM）, kinases, sirtuins and other proteins. It has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, blood-sugar-lowering and other beneficial cardiovascular effects. Resveratrol induces mitophagy/autophagy and autophagy-dependent apoptosis.	Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(5)2354 Adv Biol Regul, 2021, S2212-4926(20)30091-9 Nanotheranostics, 2021, 5(1):113-124	Cellular senescence and SIRT1 phosphorylation was monitored in PAECs (P2) incubated in DMEM containing HDL (50 mg/L), LDL (50 mg/L), or resveratrol (100 μM) for 24 hours.
S1322	Dexamethasone Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol, Prednisolone F) is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid drugs, and an interleukin receptor modulator that has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. Dexamethasone induces autophagy and mitophagy. Dexamethasone is tested in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and is found to have benefits for critically ill patients.	J Cell Mol Med, 2021, 10.1111/jcmm.16074 J Cell Mol Med, 2021, 25(5):2404-2417 Food Funct, 2021, 10.1039/d0fo02387f	Dexamethasone and largazole cooperate to suppress invasion and to restore E-cadherin localization to the cell peripher y. ( a) Phase contrast micrographs showing morphological changes in MDA-MB-231 cells induced by E-cadherin expression combined with 100 nM dexamethasone and 10 nM largazole treatments. Insets show the cells at higher magnification. (b ) Fluorescence (E-Cad-GFP) or immunofluorescence microscopy (g -catenin (g-Cat.)) of 231/E-Cad-GFP cells treated for 72 h with vehicle (Control), 100 n M dexamethasone, 10 nM largazole or 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole (Dex. + Larg.). (c ) Invasion assays were per formed with the indicated cell lines treated for 72 h with or without 100 nM dexamethasone + 10 nM largazole using modified Boyden chambers impregnated with matrigel. The results are presented as the average number of cells that invaded through the membrane per field s.d. of five randomly chosen fields, and are representative of three independently per formed experiments.
S1792	Simvastatin Simvastatin (MK-0733, MK 733) is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with K_i of 0.1-0.2 nM in cell-free assays. Simvastatin induces ferroptosis, mitophagy, autophagy and apoptosis.	Nat Biotechnol, 2021, 10.1038/s41587-021-00860-4 Theranostics, 2021, 11(4):1609-1625 Mol Metab, 2021, S2212-8778(21)00075-2	Statin-Related Inhibition of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS) Uptake by SLCO2B1 in Prostate Cancer (PC) Cells. B, Uptake of DHEAS in PC cells with 2.5 µM DHEAS and different concentrations of statins when incubated for 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing each condition with the DHEAS 2.5 µM and no statin state except when indicated. C, Uptake of DHEAS in PC cells before (scrambled short hairpin RNA) and after (short hairpin RNA 2B1) SLCO2B1 is knocked down when incubated with 2.5 μM DHEAS and 100 μM atorvastatin for 10 and 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing each condition with scrambled short hairpin RNA after 10 minutes with DHEAS except when indicated. P = .02 for the comparison between scrambled short hairpin RNA with 10 vs 60 minutes of DHEAS incubation for LNCaP and .01 for 22RV1. Other P values are indicated in the figure. Bars indicate means and error bars indicate standard deviation.
S1168	Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium valproate) Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium valproate) is a HDAC inhibitor by selectively inducing proteasomal degradation of HDAC2, used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches. Valproic acid induces Notch1 signaling in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid is under investigation for treatment of HIV and various cancers. Valproic acid (VPA) induces autophagy and mitophagy by upregulation of BNIP3 and mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulating PGC-1α.	Sci China Life Sci, 2021, 10.1007/s11427-020-1855-4 Reprod Sci, 2021, 10.1007/s43032-021-00533-2 Mol Med Rep, 2021, 23(1)9	Western blot analysis of Acetylated Histone and Histone. 0-10μM sodium valproate was added.
S1290	Celastrol Celastrol (Tripterine) is a potent proteasome inhibitor for the chymotrypsin-like activity of a purified 20S proteasome with IC50 of 2.5 μM. Celastrol induces apoptosis and autophagy via the ROS/JNK signaling pathway. Celastrol inhibits dopaminergic neuronal death of Parkinson's disease through activating mitophagy.

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